Natural peptide · 43 amino acids · 4,963.4 Da

Thymosin beta-4 (human) studies and research data

PepBank has 835 thymosin beta-4 studies with results. 313 of them gave thymosin beta-4, with 1,449 results, grouped by what the studies measured. In each group, results from studies in people come first. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Searches 1,449 results and 1,303 papers. Newer studies from Europe PMC

Results in people

2% of 1,449 results

Results in animals

547

38% of 1,449 results

Results in lab cells

868

60% of 1,449 results

From computer models

under 1% of 1,449 results

The molecule

Thymosin beta-4 identity

Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.

Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-residue N-acetylated peptide encoded by TMSB4X (UniProt P62328, chain 2-44). UniProt describes it as binding and sequestering actin monomers (G-actin), which inhibits actin polymerisation. The synthetic form has the INN timbetasin; ChEMBL lists timbetasin acetate (RGN-259) at phase 3 for dry eye. FDA granted orphan designations for epidermolysis bullosa (2004) and neurotrophic keratopathy (2013); no product is approved.

Kind: Natural peptide · 43 residues
Identifiers: UniProtP62328 (opens in a new tab)ChEMBLCHEMBL4594313 (opens in a new tab)PubChem CID16132341 (opens in a new tab)UNII549LM7U24W (opens in a new tab)2D5MRE3SSY (opens in a new tab)DrugBankDB12003 (opens in a new tab)DB19119 (opens in a new tab)CAS77642-24-177591-33-4
Development: Phase 3Timbetasin acetate programmes: RGN-259 eye drops (trial sponsor ReGenTree, LLC, a joint venture of HLB Therapeutics and RegeneRx) and RGN-137 gel (NCT03578029 sponsor Lenus Therapeutics). Orphan designation sponsors: HLB Therapeutics Co., Ltd; ReGenTree, LLC.ChEMBL CHEMBL4594314 (timbetasin acetate): max_phase 3.0; indications dry eye syndrome phase 3 (NCT02597803, NCT02974907, NCT03937882), dystrophic and junctional epidermolysis bullosa phase 2 (NCT03578029), keratitis phase 1 (USAN). Neurotrophic keratopathy: SEER-1 (NCT02600429, phase 3, terminated, 18 enrolled) and SEER-2 (NCT05555589, phase 3; ClinicalTrials.gov still shows recruiting). RegeneRx reported on 2026-09-01 that SEER-2 had completed its last patient visit and that topline results are targeted for mid-November 2026. Source (opens in a new tab)

Targets

Molecular targets with action and evidence source
Target	Action	Evidence
Actin, monomeric (G-actin)	Binds and sequesters g actin; inhibits actin polymerisation	UniProt function annotation (PubMed 1999398, 10848969)Source (opens in a new tab)

Sequence and structure

Residues, differences from the parent, calculated properties and 3D structure. Source values and calculated values are shown separately.

Sequence

43 amino acids · 1 modification

SDKPDMAEIE

KFDKSKLKKT

ETQEKNPLPS

KETIEQEKQA

GES

-OH

Properties

From identity sources

Formula: C₂₁₂H₃₅₀N₅₆O₇₈S
Molecular weight: 4,963.4 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass: 4,960.4863 Da

UniProt P62328 (PRO_0000045920)(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
GSRS UNII 549LM7U24W(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
GSRS UNII 2D5MRE3SSY(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
GSRS UNII 945CRJ0XZ0(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
PubChem CID 16132341(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
PubChem CID 45382195(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
ChEMBL CHEMBL4594313(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
ChEMBL CHEMBL4594314(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08

Calculated from the sequence

pKa set

Average mass: 4,963.50 Da; Sum of ExPASy residue masses + water + N-acetyl · ExPASy Compute pI/Mw; FindMod
Monoisotopic mass: 4,960.4863 Da; Sum of ExPASy residue masses + water + N-acetyl · ExPASy FindMod
Isoelectric point (pI): 4.50; pH of zero net charge, EMBOSS pKa set · EMBOSS iep, Epk.dat
Net charge at pH 7.4: −3.00; Henderson-Hasselbalch, EMBOSS pKa set · EMBOSS iep, Epk.dat
GRAVY (hydropathy): −1.702; Mean Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy · Kyte and Doolittle 1982; Negative: hydrophilic on average.
Extinction coefficient, 280 nm (Cys reduced): 0 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹; 5500 x Trp + 1490 x Tyr · Pace et al. 1995 (ExPASy ProtParam); No Trp or Tyr: absorbance at 280 nm cannot measure this peptide.
Instability index: 61.69; Dipeptide instability weights (DIWV) · Guruprasad et al. 1990; Above 40: classed as possibly unstable (ExPASy).
Aliphatic index: 40.9; Mole % A + 2.9 V + 3.9 (I + L) · Ikai 1980
Boman index: 3.39 kcal/mol; Mean solubility value (negated) · Boman 2003; Above 2.48: high protein-binding potential (Boman).
Hydrophobic moment (μH): 0.407; Eisenberg scale, 100° per residue, best 11-residue window · Eisenberg et al. 1982, 1984
pI with each pKa set: EMBOSS 4.50Bjellqvist (ExPASy) 4.80IPC peptide 4.65IPC protein 4.73

Defined and validated for proteins; use with care for short peptides.
Assumes an ideal alpha helix. Many short peptides are not helical.

@pepdb/chem 0.2.0 · EMBOSS pKa set · ExPASy residue masses

Net charge by pH

pI 4.50 · Net charge at pH 7.4: −3.00

Point or use arrow keys

Henderson-Hasselbalch, EMBOSS pKa set, N-acetyl. Calculated, not measured.

Show as table

pH	Net charge
0	9.00
1	8.99
2	8.88
3	7.88
4	3.07
5	−1.85
6	−2.87
7	−2.99
8	−3.01
9	−3.14
10	−4.23
11	−8.52
12	−11.47
13	−11.94
14	−11.99

Composition

Hydrophobic16% (7)A I L M
Aromatic2% (1)F
Positive21% (9)K
Negative26% (11)D E
Polar26% (11)N Q S T
Special9% (4)G P

43 residues. Each residue counts in one class; F and W count as aromatic.

A Ala2 · 5%

I Ile2 · 5%

L Leu2 · 5%

M Met1 · 2%

V Val0 · 0%

F Phe1 · 2%

W Trp0 · 0%

Y Tyr0 · 0%

H His0 · 0%

K Lys9 · 21%

R Arg0 · 0%

D Asp3 · 7%

E Glu8 · 19%

N Asn1 · 2%

Q Gln3 · 7%

S Ser4 · 9%

T Thr3 · 7%

C Cys0 · 0%

G Gly1 · 2%

P Pro3 · 7%

3D structure

PredictedAlphaFold DB · P62328

Loads the 3D viewer (3Dmol.js, about 150 KB) and the model file from AlphaFold DB (EMBL-EBI).

2D structure

Thymosin beta-4 (human) has 43 residues. A full-atom drawing is hard to read at this size; the sequence view is the reference.

SMILES fromPubChem CID 16132341(opens in a new tab)

CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N3CCC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]4CCCN4C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)C

Helical wheel

An ideal alpha-helix projection. It shows where the hydrophobic residues fall if the peptide folds as a helix. It does not show that it does.

μH, residues shown: 0.109
μH, best 11-residue window: 0.407
Arrow direction: 42°
Residues: 43 · 3 rings of 18

HydrophilicHydrophobic

Eisenberg consensus (normalized) scale · + K, R · − D, E

Assumes an ideal α-helix: 100° per residue, 3.6 residues per turn. The arrow is the mean hydrophobic moment (Eisenberg et al. 1984) and points at the hydrophobic face.

Show as table

Position	Residue	Angle	Eisenberg consensus (normalized)
1	S	0°	-0.18
2	D	100°	-0.90
3	K	200°	-1.50
4	P	300°	0.12
5	D	40°	-0.90
6	M	140°	0.64
7	A	240°	0.62
8	E	340°	-0.74
9	I	80°	1.38
10	E	180°	-0.74
11	K	280°	-1.50
12	F	20°	1.19
13	D	120°	-0.90
14	K	220°	-1.50
15	S	320°	-0.18
16	K	60°	-1.50
17	L	160°	1.06
18	K	260°	-1.50
19	K	0°	-1.50
20	T	100°	-0.05
21	E	200°	-0.74
22	T	300°	-0.05
23	Q	40°	-0.85
24	E	140°	-0.74
25	K	240°	-1.50
26	N	340°	-0.78
27	P	80°	0.12
28	L	180°	1.06
29	P	280°	0.12
30	S	20°	-0.18
31	K	120°	-1.50
32	E	220°	-0.74
33	T	320°	-0.05
34	I	60°	1.38
35	E	160°	-0.74
36	Q	260°	-0.85
37	E	0°	-0.74
38	K	100°	-1.50
39	Q	200°	-0.85
40	A	300°	0.62
41	G	40°	0.48
42	E	140°	-0.74
43	S	240°	-0.18

Results by area

Thymosin beta-4 results by year and outcome

Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Studies by year

835 of 1,303 studies have results (64%), published 1981 to 2026. Top row: every study. Bottom row: studies with results about Thymosin beta-4 (human), by class. The rows use different scales.

Studies
Human
Animal
Lab
Computer model
Natural levels, tool or combination only

Studies1,303 in all, 1981 to 2026

Studies with results835 in all, 1981 to 2026

Retracted studies are left out. A study with results in two classes counts in both.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

What the studies measured

People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Thymosin beta-4 studies on skin, hair and wounds

132 results · people 8 · animals 70 · lab 54

Top 5 of 132 results

In people with dry eye, Tβ4 eye drops did not differ from placebo in corneal staining at visit 5.Clinical ophthalmology, 2015
In people with seborrheic dermatitis, the rhTβ4 gel worked better than ketoconazole lotion.Microbial biotechnology, 2021
In people with venous ulcers, a 0.03% thymosin beta‑4 dose may have the potential to speed up wound healing.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010
In mice with heart injury, Tβ4-sulfoxide helped the wound heal.Nature communications, 2013
In a fat graft model, the thymosin beta‑4 process promoted new blood vessel growth in the graft.Free radical biology & medicine, 2025

Thymosin beta-4 studies on side effects

9 results · people 8 · animals 1 · lab 0

Top 5 of 9 results

In healthy volunteers, side effects of intravenous thymosin beta‑4 were infrequent and mild or moderate.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010
In people with dry eye, no side effects were seen with Tβ4 eye drops.Clinical ophthalmology, 2015
In people with venous ulcers, thymosin beta‑4 applied to the skin at all doses had a safety profile comparable to placebo.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010
In pigs, no side effects were reported in the study.Digestive diseases, 2019
In healthy people, side effects after recombinant thymosin β4 were mild to moderate.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2021

Thymosin beta-4 studies on blood levels and clearance

28 results · people 7 · animals 18 · lab 3

Top 3 of 28 results

In healthy volunteers, blood levels of a single intravenous thymosin beta‑4 dose rose in proportion to the dose.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010
In healthy people, recombinant thymosin β4 did not clearly build up in the body after repeated doses.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2021
In healthy volunteers, the half-life of intravenous thymosin beta‑4 became longer as the dose increased.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010

Thymosin beta-4 studies on eyes

17 results · people 4 · animals 13 · lab 0

Top 3 of 17 results

In people with severe dry eye, thymosin β4 eye drops reduced eye discomfort more than vehicle drops.Cornea, 2015
In people with severe dry eye, thymosin β4 eye drops reduced damage to the eye surface more than vehicle drops.Cornea, 2015
In people with severe dry eye, thymosin β4 eye drops improved how long the tear film stays intact.Cornea, 2015

Thymosin beta-4 studies on heart and blood vessels

163 results · people 2 · animals 83 · lab 78

Top 5 of 163 results

In people with a heart attack, overall damaged areas were not clearly smaller with recombinant thymosin beta‑4 than with placebo.Cardiovascular research, 2025
In an animal implant test, thymosin beta‑4 stimulated cell migration. The abstract does not name the species.FASEB journal, 1997
In mice given thymosin beta‑4 before a heart attack, the hearts showed no more Islet-1 cells than control hearts.Pharmacology research & perspectives, 2018
In rabbits, vascular grafts carrying a dimeric form of thymosin β4 stayed open at a high rate.Science advances, 2022
In rabbits, fat grafts mixed with Tβ4 grew more new blood vessels than grafts with buffer only.Aesthetic surgery journal, 2020

Thymosin beta-4 studies on pain

5 results · people 2 · animals 3 · lab 0

5 results

In people with dry eye, Tβ4 eye drops did not differ from placebo in discomfort at visit 5.Clinical ophthalmology, 2015
In diabetic mice, Tβ4 improved the response time to heat compared with saline.Journal of diabetes research, 2015
In people with dry eye, discomfort scores after the test chamber were 27% lower with Tβ4 than with placebo.Clinical ophthalmology, 2015
In diabetic mice, thymosin beta‑4 was linked to better sensory function compared with saline.Brain research, 2019
In diabetic mice, Tβ4 improved the response time to touch pressure compared with saline.Journal of diabetes research, 2015

Thymosin beta-4 studies on infections

11 results · people 1 · animals 3 · lab 7

Top 5 of 11 results

In people with seborrheic dermatitis, the rhTβ4 gel moved scalp microbes toward a healthy mix.Microbial biotechnology, 2021
In mice infected with a mouse coronavirus, recombinant human Tβ4 reduced tissue damage.Mediators of inflammation, 2021
In mice infected with a mouse coronavirus, recombinant human Tβ4 reduced virus replication.Mediators of inflammation, 2021
In bacterial eye infection, adding thymosin beta‑4 to ciprofloxacin gave better outcomes than ciprofloxacin alone.Cells, 2018
In lab tests, thymosin beta‑4 from platelets was active against at least two of the four microbes tested.Infection and immunity, 2002

Thymosin beta-4 studies on immune system and inflammation

230 results · people 0 · animals 90 · lab 140

Top 5 of 230 results

In mice with chemical corneal burns, thymosin beta‑4 reduced white blood cell entry into the cornea at 7 days compared with PBS.Experimental eye research, 2002
In mice, the oxidized form of thymosin beta4 strongly reduced paw swelling, which the native form did not do.Nature medicine, 1999
In mice, thymosin beta‑4 switched on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in thymus immune cells that had none.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1981
In mice with a model of multiple sclerosis, Tbeta4 reduced inflammatory cell build-up compared with saline.Neuroscience, 2009
In rats with fatty liver, Tβ4 reduced liver inflammation.European journal of pharmacology, 2021

Thymosin beta-4 studies on brain and nerves

144 results · people 0 · animals 80 · lab 64

Top 5 of 144 results

In aged rats with stroke, thymosin beta‑4 cut the size of the brain damage by more than half compared with control.Neuroscience letters, 2017
In rats with optic nerve injury, thymosin beta‑4 injected into the eye raised the survival of retinal nerve cells compared with controls.Journal of proteome research, 2011
In diabetic mice, thymosin beta‑4 increased blood flow in nerve tissue compared with saline.Brain research, 2019
In mice given LPS, Tβ4 limited the drop in food burrowing, more so in Alzheimer's-model mice than in normal mice.International immunopharmacology, 2023
In mice with a model of multiple sclerosis, Tbeta4 improved recovery of nerve function.Neuroscience, 2009

Thymosin beta-4 studies on liver

79 results · people 0 · animals 42 · lab 37

Top 3 of 79 results

In rats with fatty liver, Tβ4 improved blood chemistry measures.European journal of pharmacology, 2021
In mice with alcohol- and LPS-induced liver injury, thymosin beta‑4 stopped liver injury markers from rising.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018
In mice and rats with liver injury, thymosin beta‑4 reduced the rise in liver enzymes caused by the toxin.Scientific reports, 2017

Thymosin beta-4 studies on receptors and cell signals

310 results · people 0 · animals 29 · lab 279 · computer models 2

Top 5 of 310 results

In mice with a blocked heart artery, thymosin beta4 treatment raised ILK and Akt activity in the heart.Nature, 2004
In rats with fatty liver, Tβ4 changed activity of genes linked to ferroptosis, a form of cell death.European journal of pharmacology, 2021
In mice, injected Tβ4 lowered the autophagy marker LC3II.Experimental cell research, 2024
In diabetic mice, thymosin β4 raised a blood vessel growth factor, Ang1, in nerve cells.Neurobiology of disease, 2012
In a fat graft model, thymosin beta‑4 increased activity of the Rac/F-actin pathway in fat stem cells.Free radical biology & medicine, 2025

Thymosin beta-4 studies on cells, genes and aging

132 results · people 0 · animals 18 · lab 114

Top 5 of 132 results

In rats with severe brain injury, thymosin beta‑4 treatment raised the level of one microRNA in blood.Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2018
In rats with fatty liver, Tβ4 raised antioxidant levels.European journal of pharmacology, 2021
In mice with endotoxemia, recombinant thymosin β4 reduced damage to mitochondria.Biomolecules, 2026
In rats with induced ischemia-reperfusion, thymosin beta‑4 reversed the rise in oxidant markers in blood and lung compared with untreated rats.Medicina, 2019
In a fat graft model, the thymosin beta‑4 process reduced oxidative stress.Free radical biology & medicine, 2025

Thymosin beta-4 studies on survival and serious illness

19 results · people 0 · animals 16 · lab 3

Top 5 of 19 results

In rats with kidney obstruction, Tβ4 reduced the area of damaged kidney tissue compared with untreated obstructed rats.BMC nephrology, 2017
In aged rats with stroke, the same number of deaths occurred in the control and thymosin beta‑4 groups.Neuroscience letters, 2017
In rats with severe pancreatitis, thymosin beta‑4 given beforehand lowered serum amylase.Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 2015
In mice with chronic granulomatous disease, thymosin beta‑4 treatment or HIF-1α stabilization increased survival.Life science alliance, 2019
In mice with heart attack, Tβ4 lowered deaths from heart rupture compared with vehicle.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2014

Thymosin beta-4 studies on stomach and gut

16 results · people 0 · animals 14 · lab 2

Top 3 of 16 results

In pigs, thymosin beta‑4 gel injected locally shortened the time for a food pipe narrowing to resolve compared with controls.Digestive diseases, 2019
In mice, injected Tβ4 damaged the gut mucus barrier.Experimental cell research, 2024
In mice, Tβ4 treatment lowered proteins that seal the gut lining.World journal of gastroenterology, 2025

Thymosin beta-4 studies on kidneys and bladder

14 results · people 0 · animals 13 · lab 1

Top 3 of 14 results

In mice with kidney injury, Tβ4 alone promoted repair of the kidney.Kidney international, 2013
In rats, blood urea nitrogen did not differ between the four groups, including the groups given Tβ4.BMC nephrology, 2017
In diabetic mice, Tβ4 clearly lowered the albumin to creatinine ratio in urine compared with saline-treated mice.American journal of therapeutics, 2015

Thymosin beta-4 studies on bones and joints

53 results · people 0 · animals 11 · lab 42

Top 3 of 53 results

In rats, a piece of thymosin β4 sped up new bone growth in the tooth socket compared with saline.Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology, 2012
In mice with a bone fracture, healed bone treated with Tβ4 was stronger than with saline.Journal of orthopaedic research, 2014
In rats with skull bone defects, TB4 peptides led to more new bone than control, with or without sponges.Journal of prosthodontic research, 2013

Thymosin beta-4 studies on blood sugar

10 results · people 0 · animals 10 · lab 0

Top 3 of 10 results

In diabetic mice, Tβ4 did not change blood glucose significantly compared with saline.Journal of diabetes research, 2015
In diabetic mice, Tβ4 lowered fasting blood glucose compared with saline-treated mice.American journal of therapeutics, 2015
In diabetic mice, Tβ(4) lowered blood glucose after a sugar load more than saline.Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2012

Thymosin beta-4 studies on lungs and breathing

23 results · people 0 · animals 8 · lab 15

Top 5 of 23 results

In mice with lung damage, Tβ4 treatment reduced lung swelling compared with damage alone.European journal of clinical investigation, 2013
In mice with allergic asthma, thymosin beta‑4 reversed the worsening of asthma signs that followed removal of pDC cells.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2025
In lab-grown endothelial cells that model diabetes, Tb4 lowered endothelin-1 release.Stem cell research & therapy, 2022
In mice with lung damage from bleomycin, thymosin beta‑4 clearly reduced the tissue signs of lung injury.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2012
In mice with lung fibrosis and lung cancer, Tβ4 lessened the loss of lung function.International journal of molecular sciences, 2023

Thymosin beta-4 studies on muscles and tendons

11 results · people 0 · animals 7 · lab 4

Top 5 of 11 results

In rats with a cut knee ligament, Tβ4 treatment gave more evenly arranged collagen fibers than in control rats.Regulatory peptides, 2013
In mdx mice, long-term thymosin beta‑4 increased regenerating muscle fibers compared with untreated mdx mice.PloS one, 2010
In rats with a cut knee ligament, Tβ4 treatment made collagen fibrils thicker.Regulatory peptides, 2013
In mice, thymosin beta‑4 did not improve muscle regeneration.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 2021
In rats with a cut knee ligament, healing tissue was mechanically stronger after Tβ4 treatment at 4 weeks.Regulatory peptides, 2013

Thymosin beta-4 studies on sex hormones and fertility

7 results · people 0 · animals 6 · lab 1

Top 4 of 7 results

In mice, pups of mothers given thymosin beta‑4 were longer than control pups.European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021
In rat brain tissue in the lab, thymosin beta‑4 raised release of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor.Science, 1981
In mice, maternal thymosin beta‑4 was linked to more advanced lung development in the pups.European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021
In mice, maternal thymosin beta‑4 was linked to more advanced heart development in the pups.European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021

Thymosin beta-4 studies on cholesterol and blood fats

3 results · people 0 · animals 3 · lab 0

3 results

In diabetic mice, Tβ4 lowered triglycerides compared with saline-treated mice.American journal of therapeutics, 2015
In rats with fatty liver, Tβ4 improved fat metabolism measures.European journal of pharmacology, 2021
In diabetic mice, Tβ(4) lowered triglycerides more than saline.Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2012

Thymosin beta-4 studies on weight and appetite

3 results · people 0 · animals 3 · lab 0

3 results

In mice with colitis, oral Tβ4 reduced weight loss.Molecular biomedicine, 2026
In mice with lung damage, Tβ4 treatment led to less weight loss than damage alone.European journal of clinical investigation, 2013
In mice given LPS, Tβ4 limited weight loss, more so in Alzheimer's-model mice than in normal mice.International immunopharmacology, 2023

Thymosin beta-4 studies on memory and thinking

4 results · people 0 · animals 2 · lab 2

Top 3 of 4 results

In rats with brain injury, Tβ4 improved learning of locations more than saline.Journal of neurosurgery, 2012
In mice with brain effects of endotoxemia, recombinant thymosin β4 reduced memory and thinking problems.Biomolecules, 2026
In cells, thymosin beta‑4 kept the cholinergic marker ChTp stable against the effect of a prion protein peptide.Neurotoxicity research, 2019

Thymosin beta-4 studies on mood, stress and behavior

2 results · people 0 · animals 2 · lab 0

2 results

In mice, thymosin beta‑4 infused into a brain area reduced the extra heroin seeking caused by early social isolation.Nature communications, 2025
In mice, thymosin beta‑4 infused into a brain area reduced the weak nerve cell activity linked to early social isolation and heroin.Nature communications, 2025

Thymosin beta-4 studies on cancer

20 results · people 0 · animals 1 · lab 19

Top 3 of 20 results

In mice with lung fibrosis and lung cancer, Tβ4 slowed the growth of the lung tumor.International journal of molecular sciences, 2023
In cells, Tbeta4 slowed the growth of HL-60 leukemia cells in a dose-dependent way.Cell biology international, 2006
In tumor cells, TB4 peptides raised cell survival during paclitaxel treatment.Oncology research, 2007

Thymosin beta-4 studies on daily life and fitness

1 result · people 0 · animals 1 · lab 0

1 result

In mdx mice, thymosin beta‑4 did not significantly improve muscle strength.PloS one, 2010

Thymosin beta-4 studies on chemistry and lab methods

3 results · people 0 · animals 0 · lab 3

3 results

In lab tests, bone marrow cells turned thymosin beta‑4 into AcSDKP.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1991
In lab tests, enzyme experiments suggest that Asp-N could cut thymosin beta‑4 to make AcSDKP.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1991
In lab tests, the enzyme alpha-prolyl-endopeptidase did not cut thymosin beta‑4 to make AcSDKP.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1991

Trials and papers

Thymosin beta-4 trials

Registered trials that test the peptide, with phase, status and dates. A dot marks trials with posted results.

StatusPhase

13 trials match. Highest phase first. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

Trials on this page (13 of 13)

13 trials · 1 ongoing · 8 completed · 4 stopped early · 7 with posted results

Completed
Ongoing
Not yet recruiting
Stopped
Estimated dates (est.)
Results posted

2010201520202025

Ph 2
SSVS
NCT00832091
Jul 2006 to Jan 2009
Ph 2
A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Wounds
NCT00598871
Dec 2007 to Feb 2009
Terminated
Terminated
Ph 2
Comparative Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Eye Drops vs. Vehicle in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eye
NCT01393132
Mar 2011 to Dec 2012
Ph 2
Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 Ophthalmic Solution in Patients With Dry Eye
NCT01387347
Aug 2011 to Dec 2011
Ph 2/3
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1
NCT02597803
Sept 2015 to Jul 2016
Ph 3
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy : SEER-1
NCT02600429
17 Sept 2015 to 9 Mar 2020
Terminated
Terminated
Ph 3
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome : ARISE-2
NCT02974907
Nov 2016 to Mar 2018
Ph 1
A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers
NCT04555824
17 Jul 2017 to 20 Jun 2018
Ph 1
A Phase 1b Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers
NCT04555850
30 Jul 2018 to 26 Jul 2019
Ph 2
CELEB
NCT03578029
22 May 2019 to 23 Nov 2021
Terminated
Terminated

13 trials · 1 ongoing · 8 completed · 4 stopped early · 7 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 3Results postedNCT03937882

Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3

ReGenTree, LLCn = 70024 May 2019 to 7 Oct 2021

Dry Eye Syndromes · Dry Eye

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 28 Aug 2026

RecruitingPhase 3NCT05555589

Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of NK: SEER-2

ReGenTree, LLCn = 7011 Apr 2023 to est. 30 May 2026

Neurotrophic Keratopathy

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 23 Dec 2025

TerminatedPhase 3Results postedNCT02600429

Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy : SEER-1

ReGenTree, LLCn = 1817 Sept 2015 to 9 Mar 2020

Neurotrophic Keratopathy

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 30 Aug 2023

CompletedPhase 3Results postedNCT02974907

Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome : ARISE-2

ReGenTree, LLCn = 601Nov 2016 to Mar 2018

Dry Eye Syndrome

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 5 Jan 2022

CompletedPhase 2/3NCT02597803

Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1

ReGenTree, LLCn = 317Sept 2015 to Jul 2016

Dry Eye Syndrome

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 17 Oct 2019

TerminatedPhase 2NCT03578029

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-137 Topical Gel for Junctional and Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

Lenus Therapeutics, LLCn = 422 May 2019 to 23 Nov 2021

Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa · Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 22 Aug 2022

WithdrawnPhase 2NCT01311518

A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction

RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.n = 0est. Jul 2019 to est. Jul 2020

Acute Myocardial Infarction · ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction · STEMI

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 22 Sept 2021

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT01393132

Comparative Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Eye Drops vs. Vehicle in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eye

Michigan Cornea Consultants, PCn = 9Mar 2011 to Dec 2012

Dry Eye · Sjogren's Syndrome · Graft vs. Host Disease

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 23 Dec 2015

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT01387347

Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 Ophthalmic Solution in Patients With Dry Eye

ReGenTree, LLCn = 72Aug 2011 to Dec 2011

Dry Eye Syndrome · Dry Eye

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 10 Jul 2015

TerminatedPhase 2Results postedNCT00598871

A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Wounds

ReGenTree, LLCn = 12Dec 2007 to Feb 2009

Diabetes

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 8 Jul 2015

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT00832091

Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Venous Stasis Ulcers

RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.n = 72Jul 2006 to Jan 2009

Venous Stasis Ulcers

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 30 Mar 2010

CompletedPhase 1NCT04555824

A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers

Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.n = 5417 Jul 2017 to 20 Jun 2018

Healthy

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 29 Sept 2020

CompletedPhase 1NCT04555850

A Phase 1b Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers

Beijing Northland Biotech. Co., Ltd.n = 3030 Jul 2018 to 26 Jul 2019

Healthy

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 29 Sept 2020

2 more mention it but do not test it. They are not trials of Thymosin beta-4 (human): they only measure it (a blood level or an eligibility term) or name it in their text.

Papers

Studies on this peptide. Some have results. The others have none yet.

Sort

Design

1,303 studies match. Retracted studies are left out.

Showing 24 of 1,303 studiesquery qry_7711730809f036469695bfee

Studies with results

835 studies in all, 17 on this page

Measured the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human) · 2003

2 results

MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.

Ji et al. 2003Oncogenecited by 1,852

PMID 12970751DOI 10.1038/sj.onc.1206928PUB-12970751

Full text at the publisher2 results on the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given Thymosin beta-4 (human).

Publisher page See results (2)

Ex vivo tissue · 2007

5 results

Thymosin beta4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization.

Smart et al. 2007Naturecited by 510

PMID 17108969DOI 10.1038/nature05383PUB-17108969

Full text at the publisher3 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given (plus 2 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (5)

Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2004

6 results

Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair.

Bock-Marquette et al. 2004Naturecited by 507

PMID 15565145DOI 10.1038/nature03000PUB-15565145

Full text at the publisher6 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given

Publisher page See results (6)

Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2011

2 results

De novo cardiomyocytes from within the activated adult heart after injury.

Smart et al. 2011Naturecited by 492

PMID 21654746PMC3696525DOI 10.1038/nature10188PUB-21654746

Rights unknown2 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given

Source link See results (2)

Not a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) alone · 1993

1 result

How profilin promotes actin filament assembly in the presence of thymosin beta 4.

Pantaloni et al. 1993Cellcited by 428

PMID 8252614DOI 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90544-zPUB-08252614

Full text at the publisher1 result where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a tool, carrier or part of a combination

Publisher page See results (1)

Measured the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human) · 2001

2 results

Early and progressive accumulation of reactive microglia in the Huntington disease brain.

Sapp et al. 2001Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurologycited by 418

PMID 11273004DOI 10.1093/jnen/60.2.161PUB-11273004

Rights unknown2 results on the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given Thymosin beta-4 (human).

Source link See results (2)

In vitro (cells) · e. coli, s. aureus and c. albicans · 2002

5 results

Antimicrobial peptides from human platelets.

Tang et al. 2002Infection and immunitycited by 402

PMID 12438321PMC132966DOI 10.1128/iai.70.12.6524-6533.2002PUB-12438321

Rights unknown2 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given (plus 2 on natural levels and 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Source link See results (5)

In vitro (cells) · 1997

3 results

The actin cytoskeleton is required for receptor-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells.

Lamaze et al. 1997The Journal of biological chemistrycited by 320

PMID 9252336DOI 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20332PUB-09252336

Full text at the publisher3 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given

Publisher page See results (3)

In vitro (cell-free) · 1991

3 results

Thymosin beta 4 and Fx, an actin-sequestering peptide, are indistinguishable.

Safer et al. 1991The Journal of biological chemistrycited by 270

PMID 1999398DOI 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)64278-8PUB-01999398

Full text at the publisher2 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (3)

Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 1999

6 results

Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing.

Malinda et al. 1999The Journal of investigative dermatologycited by 223

PMID 10469335DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.xPUB-10469335

Full text at the publisher6 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given

Publisher page See results (6)

In vitro (cell-free) · 1992

3 results

The control of actin nucleotide exchange by thymosin beta 4 and profilin. A potential regulatory mechanism for actin polymerization in cells.

Goldschmidt-Clermont et al. 1992Molecular biology of the cellcited by 221

PMID 1330091PMC275662DOI 10.1091/mbc.3.9.1015PUB-01330091

Rights unknown2 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Source link See results (3)

Measured the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human) · 2003

1 result

The profile of gene expression of human marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Jr et al. 2003Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)cited by 213

PMID 14595126DOI 10.1634/stemcells.21-6-661PUB-14595126

Rights unknown1 result on the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given Thymosin beta-4 (human).

Source link See results (1)

Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 1981

4 results

Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta 4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations.

Low et al. 1981Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americacited by 198

PMID 6940133PMC319967DOI 10.1073/pnas.78.2.1162PUB-06940133

Rights unknown2 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given (plus 2 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Source link See results (4)

Measured the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human) · 2021

1 result

Spatiotemporal single-cell RNA sequencing of developing chicken hearts identifies interplay between cellular differentiation and morphogenesis.

Mantri et al. 2021Nature communicationscited by 192

PMID 33741943PMC7979764DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-21892-zPUB-33741943

CC BY1 result on the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given Thymosin beta-4 (human).

Download PDF See results (1)

Animal study (in vivo) · 1997

5 results

Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Malinda et al. 1997FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biologycited by 180

PMID 9194528DOI 10.1096/fasebj.11.6.9194528PUB-09194528

Full text at the publisher5 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given

Publisher page See results (5)

Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2002

7 results

Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury.

Sosne et al. 2002Experimental eye researchcited by 173

PMID 11950239DOI 10.1006/exer.2001.1125PUB-11950239

Full text at the publisher7 results where Thymosin beta-4 (human) was given

Publisher page See results (7)

Measured the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human) · 2003

9 results

Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis.

Cha et al. 2003Journal of the National Cancer Institutecited by 170

PMID 14625258DOI 10.1093/jnci/djg100PUB-14625258

Full text at the publisher1 result on the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given Thymosin beta-4 (human).

Publisher page See results (9)

More studies

283 studies in all, 7 on this page

PubMed tag: Review · 2000

Corrected

Molecular mechanisms controlling actin filament dynamics in nonmuscle cells.

Pollard et al. 2000Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structurecited by 1,139

PMID 10940259DOI 10.1146/annurev.biophys.29.1.545PUB-10940259

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page Read the notice

PubMed tag: Review · 2003

Actin binding proteins: regulation of cytoskeletal microfilaments.

dos Remedios et al. 2003Physiological reviewscited by 719

PMID 12663865DOI 10.1152/physrev.00026.2002PUB-12663865

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

Indexing hint: Animal study · 2000

Effects of jasplakinolide on the kinetics of actin polymerization. An explanation for certain in vivo observations.

Bubb et al. 2000The Journal of biological chemistrycited by 415

PMID 10671562DOI 10.1074/jbc.275.7.5163PUB-10671562

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Review · 2001

beta-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functions.

Huff et al. 2001The international journal of biochemistry & cell biologycited by 300

PMID 11311852DOI 10.1016/s1357-2725(00)00087-xPUB-11311852

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Review, Editorial · 2009

Collateral circulation: past and present.

Schaper et al. 2009Basic research in cardiologycited by 279

PMID 19101749PMC2755790DOI 10.1007/s00395-008-0760-xPUB-19101749

Free to read · publisher termsCC BY-NC

Read at source

PubMed tag: Review · 2005

Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues.

Goldstein et al. 2005Trends in molecular medicinecited by 210

PMID 16099219DOI 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.07.004PUB-16099219

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

Indexing hint: Animal study · 2000

Actin-latrunculin A structure and function. Differential modulation of actin-binding protein function by latrunculin A.

Yarmola et al. 2000The Journal of biological chemistrycited by 205

PMID 10859320DOI 10.1074/jbc.m004253200PUB-10859320

CC BY

Download PDF

No result for Thymosin beta-4 (human) (1 study on this page, 185 in all)

These studies name Thymosin beta-4 (human) but give no result for it (for example, the results concern another peptide in the study).

PubMed tag: none · 1992

Phosphoinositide-binding peptides derived from the sequences of gelsolin and villin.

Janmey et al. 1992The Journal of biological chemistrycited by 167

PMID 1318302DOI 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49772-xPUB-01318302

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

Newer studies

PepBank reads each paper before it shows the results. This search looks in Europe PMC for newer papers that PepBank has not read yet.

Thymosin beta-4 (human) studies: 835 papers with results

Page 1 of 17

Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model.
Sosne G · Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2015
Randomized controlled trial · 6 results
Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.
Zhang Y · Cardiovascular research · 2025
Randomized controlled trial · 12 results
The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers.
Guarnera G · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2010
Randomized controlled trial · 3 results
A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers.
Ruff D · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2010
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Wang X · Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2021
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial.
Sosne G · Cornea · 2015
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis.
Yu R · Microbial biotechnology · 2021
Non-randomized trial · 4 results
[Expression of laminin 5 in rat skin wounds regulated by recombinant thymosin beta4].
Li Y · Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2008
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 8 results
Effect of Thymosin β4 on the Survival of Random Skin Flaps in Rats.
Lin Y · Journal of reconstructive microsurgery · 2015
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 5 results
Thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke in aged rats.
Morris DC · Neuroscience letters · 2017
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 6 results
Neurological functional recovery after thymosin beta4 treatment in mice with experimental auto encephalomyelitis.
Zhang J · Neuroscience · 2009
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 7 results
Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke.
Morris DC · Neuroscience · 2010
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 6 results
Effects of thymosin β4 on neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury.
Zhang Z · Molecular medicine reports · 2019
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 5 results
No effect of thymosin beta-4 on the expression of the transcription factor Islet-1 in the adult murine heart.
Weinberger F · Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2018
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 3 results
A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke.
Morris DC · Journal of the neurological sciences · 2014
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 4 results
Thymosin beta4 is an essential paracrine factor of embryonic endothelial progenitor cell-mediated cardioprotection.
Hinkel R · Circulation · 2008
Animal study (in vivo) · pig · 7 results
Local Thymosin β4 Gel Injection Prevents Esophageal Stricture after Circumferential Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in a Porcine Model.
Wang H · Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019
Animal study (in vivo) · pig · 5 results
Effects of thymosin β4 on wound healing of rat palatal mucosa.
Zhu T · International journal of molecular medicine · 2014
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 6 results
Thymosin β4 significantly reduces the signs of dryness in a murine controlled adverse environment model of experimental dry eye.
Sosne G · Expert opinion on biological therapy · 2015
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 5 results
Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair.
Bock-Marquette I · Nature · 2004
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 6 results
De novo cardiomyocytes from within the activated adult heart after injury.
Smart N · Nature · 2011
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2 results
Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing.
Malinda KM · The Journal of investigative dermatology · 1999
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 6 results
Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta 4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations.
Low TL · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1981
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 4 results
Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Malinda KM · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 1997
Animal study (in vivo) · 5 results
Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury.
Sosne G · Experimental eye research · 2002
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 7 results
Thymosin beta 4 sulfoxide is an anti-inflammatory agent generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids.
Young JD · Nature medicine · 1999
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 4 results
Thymosin beta4 mediated PKC activation is essential to initiate the embryonic coronary developmental program and epicardial progenitor cell activation in adult mice in vivo.
Bock-Marquette I · Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology · 2009
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 11 results
Thymosin beta 4 treatment after myocardial infarction does not reprogram epicardial cells into cardiomyocytes.
Zhou B · Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology · 2012
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 4 results
Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development.
Philp D · Mechanisms of ageing and development · 2004
Animal study (in vivo) · rodents · 3 results
Thymosin-beta4 modulates corneal matrix metalloproteinase levels and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration after alkali injury.
Sosne G · Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2005
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 9 results
Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice.
Philp D · Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2003
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse and rat · 9 results
Chemical characterization of thymosin beta 4.
Low TL · The Journal of biological chemistry · 1982
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 7 results
Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells.
Philp D · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2004
Animal study (in vivo) · rat and mouse · 6 results
Thymosin beta4 facilitates epicardial neovascularization of the injured adult heart.
Smart N · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2010
Animal study (in vivo) · 2 results
Thymosin β4 and its degradation product, Ac-SDKP, are novel reparative factors in renal fibrosis.
Zuo Y · Kidney international · 2013
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 5 results
Thymosin beta 4 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting ferroptosis via up-regulation of GPX4.
Zhu Z · European journal of pharmacology · 2021
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 17 results
Thymosin β4-sulfoxide attenuates inflammatory cell infiltration and promotes cardiac wound healing.
Evans MA · Nature communications · 2013
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 6 results
Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment initiated 6 hours after traumatic brain injury in rats.
Xiong Y · Journal of neurosurgery · 2012
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 7 results
Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair.
Philp D · Journal of cellular physiology · 2006
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 4 results
Thymosin β4 Prevents Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Ethanol- and LPS-Induced Liver Injury in Mice.
Shah R · Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2018
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 10 results
Significance of thymosin β4 and implication of PINCH-1-ILK-α-parvin (PIP) complex in human dilated cardiomyopathy.
Sopko N · PloS one · 2011
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 5 results
Biodistribution of synthetic thymosin beta 4 in the serum, urine, and major organs of mice.
Mora CA · International journal of immunopharmacology · 1997
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 13 results
Thymosin-β4 prevents cardiac rupture and improves cardiac function in mice with myocardial infarction.
Peng H · American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2014
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 12 results
Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation.
Philp D · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2007
Animal study (in vivo) · rat and mouse · 1 result
Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction.
Srivastava D · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2007
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 9 results
Modulation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity by thymosin.
Hu SK · Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 1981
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2 results
Thymosin β4 promotes the recovery of peripheral neuropathy in type II diabetic mice.
Wang L · Neurobiology of disease · 2012
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 9 results
Quantitative iTRAQ analysis of retinal ganglion cell degeneration after optic nerve crush.
Magharious M · Journal of proteome research · 2011
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 3 results
Identification of Thymosin β4 as an effector of Hand1-mediated vascular development.
Smart N · Nature communications · 2010
Animal study (in vivo) · 4 results
Extending the time window of mammalian heart regeneration by thymosin beta 4.
Rui L · Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2014
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 5 results

Status and safety

Regulatory and safety

Approval and sport status, and the safety outcomes reported in study results. Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction, with date and source
Jurisdiction	Body	Status	As of	Source
US	FDA	FDA orphan designations (Not FDA Approved for Orphan Indication): thymosin beta 4 for epidermolysis bullosa, designated 2004-05-28, sponsor HLB Therapeutics Co., Ltd; thymosin beta 4 for neurotrophic keratopathy, designated 2013-12-31, sponsor ReGenTree, LLC. No Drugs@FDA record (openFDA search for timbetasin returned no matches).	8 Oct 2026	accessdata.fda.gov (opens in a new tab)
EU	EMA	No centrally authorised medicine and no orphan designation for this substance in the EMA data files (medicines and orphan designations, timestamp 2026-10-08). National authorisations were not checked.	8 Oct 2026	ema.europa.eu (opens in a new tab)
Sport	WADA	Banned in sport (WADA S2) S2.3 names 'Thymosin-β4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500' (2026 List).	2026 List	wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab)

Safety outcomes

12 safety results for Thymosin beta-4 (human).

Human evidence· 8

In patients with venous stasis ulcers, the safety profile of all topical Tbeta4 doses was acceptable and comparable to placebo.
Randomized controlled trialn = 73
In adults with dry eye, no adverse events were observed with 0.1% Tβ4.
Randomized controlled trialn = 72
In healthy volunteers, adverse events with intravenous Tbeta4 were infrequent and mild or moderate in intensity.
Randomized controlled trialn = 40
In healthy volunteers, intravenous Tbeta4 caused no dose limiting toxicities or serious adverse events.
Randomized controlled trialn = 40
In healthy volunteers, single or 14-day daily intravenous Tbeta4 over 42-1260 mg was well tolerated with no evidence of dose limiting toxicity.
Randomized controlled trialn = 40
In healthy volunteers, adverse events after rhTβ4 (NL005) were mild to moderate in intensity.
Randomized controlled trialn not reported
In healthy volunteers, there were no dose-limiting toxicities with rhTβ4.
Randomized controlled trialn not reported
In healthy volunteers, there were no serious adverse events with rhTβ4.
Randomized controlled trialn not reported

Animal evidence· 2

In aged rats with embolic stroke, three deaths occurred in each of the control and Tβ4 groups after randomization.
Animal study (in vivo)ratn = 23
In pigs after circumferential endoscopic submucosal dissection, no adverse events occurred in the study.
Animal study (in vivo)pign = 8

Lab evidence· 2

In vitro, high doses of TB4 had a vasoconstrictor effect on mesentery arteries.
Ex vivo tissue
In vitro, high doses of TB4 had a vasodilator effect on coronary arteries.
Ex vivo tissue

Doses studied · 83

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

0.1%Human
Species
human
Route
topical ophthalmic
Duration
28 days
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 72
42, 140, 420 or 1260 mgHuman
Species
human
Route
intravenous
Duration
single dose and 14 days daily
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 40
0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg dailyHuman
Species
human
Route
intravenous
Duration
10 days
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 30
0.1%Human
Species
human
Route
eye drops
Duration
28 days
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 9
0.03%Human
Species
human
Route
topical
Duration
Not reported
Design
Randomized controlled trial
0.05-25.0 μg/kg single dose; 0.5-5.0 μg/kg dailyHuman
Species
human
Route
intravenous
Duration
single dose or 10 days
Design
Randomized controlled trial

Doses studied in the study results, as given in the studies.
Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design
0.1%	Human	human	topical ophthalmic	28 days	Randomized controlled trial · n = 72
42, 140, 420 or 1260 mg	Human	human	intravenous	single dose and 14 days daily	Randomized controlled trial · n = 40
0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg daily	Human	human	intravenous	10 days	Randomized controlled trial · n = 30
0.1%	Human	human	eye drops	28 days	Randomized controlled trial · n = 9
0.03%	Human	human	topical	Not reported	Randomized controlled trial
0.05-25.0 μg/kg single dose; 0.5-5.0 μg/kg daily	Human	human	intravenous	single dose or 10 days	Randomized controlled trial

6 of 83 shown

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Data

Data and API

Data version, change history and code for this peptide.

Data version 30856030 Oct 2026

Peptide

Peptide id: PEP-000002
Peptide version: 8
Peptide hash: 7f743df72c998cb6…
Data version: 308560

Latest changes

27 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 256790
22 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 254586
21 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 213671
14 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 194728
13 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 173569
12 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 165144

For developers

curl -s https://pepbank.io/v1/briefs/thymosin-beta-4

Evidence summary for Thymosin beta-4 (human): counts by class, key results with sources, notices, data version.

Peptide as JSON Evidence summary as JSON

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 8 results from 4 studies: 6 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	9
PharmacokineticsPharmacology	Human: 7 results from 2 studies: 4 increase, 2 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 18 results from 4 studies: 11 increase, 1 no significant change, 6 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 3 results from 1 study: 3 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	28
Wound healingWhole body	Human: 5 results from 2 studies: 1 increase, 2 decrease, 1 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 66 results from 24 studies: 46 increase, 13 decrease, 4 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 50 results from 20 studies: 39 increase, 3 decrease, 3 no significant change, 1 mixed, 4 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	121
Ocular surfaceEye	Human: 4 results from 1 study: 2 increase, 2 decrease. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 13 results from 4 studies: 6 increase, 4 decrease, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	17
Skin and hairSkin and wound	Human: 3 results from 1 study: 3 increase. Strongest design: Non-randomized trial	Animal: 4 results from 4 studies: 3 increase, 1 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 4 results from 1 study: 4 increase. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	11
Heart functionCardiovascular	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 55 results from 19 studies: 25 increase, 16 decrease, 13 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 15 results from 6 studies: 9 increase, 5 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	72
PainNervous system and cognition	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 3 results from 2 studies: 1 increase, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	5
Infection and antimicrobial activitySkin and wound	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 not reported. Strongest design: Non-randomized trial	Animal: 2 results from 2 studies: 1 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 7 results from 4 studies: 1 increase, 2 decrease, 1 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	10
Receptor activity and mechanismWhole body	No results	Animal: 29 results from 19 studies: 9 increase, 13 decrease, 1 no significant change, 6 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 279 results from 114 studies: 91 increase, 57 decrease, 20 no significant change, 2 mixed, 109 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	Computer model: 2 results from 2 studies: 2 not reported. Strongest design: In silico	310
Inflammation markersWhole body	No results	Animal: 76 results from 35 studies: 3 increase, 68 decrease, 4 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 68 results from 27 studies: 8 increase, 54 decrease, 2 no significant change, 2 mixed, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	144
NeuroprotectionNervous system and cognition	No results	Animal: 79 results from 18 studies: 46 increase, 22 decrease, 6 no significant change, 5 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 64 results from 20 studies: 25 increase, 35 decrease, 1 mixed, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	143
Immune responseImmune and inflammation	No results	Animal: 14 results from 10 studies: 3 increase, 8 decrease, 1 mixed, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 72 results from 30 studies: 30 increase, 19 decrease, 16 no significant change, 7 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	86

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	All
Endogenous peptide levelsWhole body	75	52	39	–	166
Gene expressionWhole body	28	54	53	–	135
Tumor growthCancer	73	7	46	–	126
Receptor activity and mechanismWhole body	3	14	77	1	95
Immune responseWhole body	22	19	14	–	55
Inflammation markersWhole body	40	6	9	–	55
Liver fat and liver functionLiver	39	7	5	–	51
Sex hormones and fertilityReproductive and sexual health	4	28	1	–	33
Cancer biomarkers and prognosisCancer	25	1	–	–	26
Aging markersWhole body	17	7	1	–	25
MortalityWhole body	20	–	–	–	20
Heart functionCardiovascular	–	13	4	–	17
Kidney functionKidney and urinary	7	6	–	–	13
NeuroprotectionNervous system and cognition	1	8	2	–	11
Wound healingSkin and wound	6	2	3	–	11
Cardiovascular eventsCardiovascular	9	1	–	–	10
Infection and antimicrobial activityInfection	1	5	3	–	9
PainNervous system and cognition	–	9	–	–	9
Bone and jointMusculoskeletal	1	3	3	–	7
Muscle injury and repairMusculoskeletal	–	5	2	–	7
Vision and retinaEye	5	2	–	–	7
Growth hormone and IGF-1Endocrine and hormones	–	6	–	–	6
SleepSleep	6	–	–	–	6
Exercise and physical functionWhole body	2	2	1	–	5
Glycemic controlMetabolic and weight	3	2	–	–	5
Synthesis and manufacturingWhole body	4	1	–	–	5
Body compositionWhole body	4	–	–	–	4
Cytoskeleton and cell structureNervous system and cognition	–	–	4	–	4
Gastrointestinal protectionGastrointestinal	1	1	2	–	4
Hormone levelsEndocrine and hormones	–	4	–	–	4
LipidsLiver	4	–	–	–	4
Vascular functionCardiovascular	2	2	–	–	4
Heart repair and regenerationCardiovascular	–	3	–	–	3
Oxidative stressWhole body	2	–	1	–	3
AngiogenesisCardiovascular	–	–	2	–	2
Skin and hairSkin and wound	1	1	–	–	2
Body weightLiver	1	–	–	–	1
Intensive care and hospital outcomesInfection	1	–	–	–	1
Lung injury and fibrosisRespiratory	1	–	–	–	1
Peptide structure and chemistryImmune and inflammation	–	–	1	–	1
All outcome groups	408	271	273	1	953

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 8 results from 4 studies: 6 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	9
PharmacokineticsPharmacology	Human: 7 results from 2 studies: 4 increase, 2 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 18 results from 4 studies: 11 increase, 1 no significant change, 6 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 3 results from 1 study: 3 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	28
Wound healingWhole body	Human: 5 results from 2 studies: 1 increase, 2 decrease, 1 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 66 results from 24 studies: 46 increase, 13 decrease, 4 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 50 results from 20 studies: 39 increase, 3 decrease, 3 no significant change, 1 mixed, 4 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	121
Ocular surfaceEye	Human: 4 results from 1 study: 2 increase, 2 decrease. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 13 results from 4 studies: 6 increase, 4 decrease, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	17
Skin and hairSkin and wound	Human: 3 results from 1 study: 3 increase. Strongest design: Non-randomized trial	Animal: 4 results from 4 studies: 3 increase, 1 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 4 results from 1 study: 4 increase. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	11
Heart functionCardiovascular	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 55 results from 19 studies: 25 increase, 16 decrease, 13 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 15 results from 6 studies: 9 increase, 5 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	72
PainNervous system and cognition	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 3 results from 2 studies: 1 increase, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	5
Infection and antimicrobial activitySkin and wound	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 not reported. Strongest design: Non-randomized trial	Animal: 2 results from 2 studies: 1 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 7 results from 4 studies: 1 increase, 2 decrease, 1 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	10
Receptor activity and mechanismWhole body	No results	Animal: 29 results from 19 studies: 9 increase, 13 decrease, 1 no significant change, 6 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 279 results from 114 studies: 91 increase, 57 decrease, 20 no significant change, 2 mixed, 109 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	Computer model: 2 results from 2 studies: 2 not reported. Strongest design: In silico	310
Inflammation markersWhole body	No results	Animal: 76 results from 35 studies: 3 increase, 68 decrease, 4 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 68 results from 27 studies: 8 increase, 54 decrease, 2 no significant change, 2 mixed, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	144
NeuroprotectionNervous system and cognition	No results	Animal: 79 results from 18 studies: 46 increase, 22 decrease, 6 no significant change, 5 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 64 results from 20 studies: 25 increase, 35 decrease, 1 mixed, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	143
Immune responseImmune and inflammation	No results	Animal: 14 results from 10 studies: 3 increase, 8 decrease, 1 mixed, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 72 results from 30 studies: 30 increase, 19 decrease, 16 no significant change, 7 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	86

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	All
Endogenous peptide levelsWhole body	75	52	39	–	166
Gene expressionWhole body	28	54	53	–	135
Tumor growthCancer	73	7	46	–	126
Receptor activity and mechanismWhole body	3	14	77	1	95
Immune responseWhole body	22	19	14	–	55
Inflammation markersWhole body	40	6	9	–	55
Liver fat and liver functionLiver	39	7	5	–	51
Sex hormones and fertilityReproductive and sexual health	4	28	1	–	33
Cancer biomarkers and prognosisCancer	25	1	–	–	26
Aging markersWhole body	17	7	1	–	25
MortalityWhole body	20	–	–	–	20
Heart functionCardiovascular	–	13	4	–	17
Kidney functionKidney and urinary	7	6	–	–	13
NeuroprotectionNervous system and cognition	1	8	2	–	11
Wound healingSkin and wound	6	2	3	–	11
Cardiovascular eventsCardiovascular	9	1	–	–	10
Infection and antimicrobial activityInfection	1	5	3	–	9
PainNervous system and cognition	–	9	–	–	9
Bone and jointMusculoskeletal	1	3	3	–	7
Muscle injury and repairMusculoskeletal	–	5	2	–	7
Vision and retinaEye	5	2	–	–	7
Growth hormone and IGF-1Endocrine and hormones	–	6	–	–	6
SleepSleep	6	–	–	–	6
Exercise and physical functionWhole body	2	2	1	–	5
Glycemic controlMetabolic and weight	3	2	–	–	5
Synthesis and manufacturingWhole body	4	1	–	–	5
Body compositionWhole body	4	–	–	–	4
Cytoskeleton and cell structureNervous system and cognition	–	–	4	–	4
Gastrointestinal protectionGastrointestinal	1	1	2	–	4
Hormone levelsEndocrine and hormones	–	4	–	–	4
LipidsLiver	4	–	–	–	4
Vascular functionCardiovascular	2	2	–	–	4
Heart repair and regenerationCardiovascular	–	3	–	–	3
Oxidative stressWhole body	2	–	1	–	3
AngiogenesisCardiovascular	–	–	2	–	2
Skin and hairSkin and wound	1	1	–	–	2
Body weightLiver	1	–	–	–	1
Intensive care and hospital outcomesInfection	1	–	–	–	1
Lung injury and fibrosisRespiratory	1	–	–	–	1
Peptide structure and chemistryImmune and inflammation	–	–	1	–	1
All outcome groups	408	271	273	1	953