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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse and rat · 2025

8 results

Thymosin β4 released by mast cells under stress conditions impairs intestinal epithelial barrier via IL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 signaling in irritable bowel syndrome.

Sun YS, Bai XQ, Sun KD, Li J, Liu L, Chen YY, Zeng ZY, Wang Q, Guo YB

World journal of gastroenterology1 Nov 2025Cited by 2 (Europe PMC)

PMID41278163 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC12635723 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.3748/wjg.v31.i42.111706 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-41278163
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

5 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In wild-type and mast cell-deficient mice, Tβ4 treatment reduced tight junction proteins.

    In plain wordsIn mice, Tβ4 treatment lowered proteins that seal the gut lining.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseTight junction proteins
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    wild-type and mast cell-deficient Kit w-sh/w-sh mice
    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, Tβ4 treatment of wild-type or MC-deficient Kit w-sh/w-sh mice caused a reduction in tight junction proteins and the interleukin 22 receptor A1 (IL22RA1)/Reg3γ cascade, but an increase in myosin light chain kinase.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In wild-type and mast cell-deficient mice, Tβ4 treatment reduced the interleukin 22 receptor A1 (IL22RA1)/Reg3γ cascade.

    In plain wordsIn mice, Tβ4 treatment lowered the IL22RA1/Reg3γ signaling cascade in the gut.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseIL22RA1/Reg3γ cascade
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    wild-type and mast cell-deficient Kit w-sh/w-sh mice
    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, Tβ4 treatment of wild-type or MC-deficient Kit w-sh/w-sh mice caused a reduction in tight junction proteins and the interleukin 22 receptor A1 (IL22RA1)/Reg3γ cascade, but an increase in myosin light chain kinase.
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In wild-type and mast cell-deficient mice, Tβ4 treatment increased myosin light chain kinase.

    In plain wordsIn mice, Tβ4 treatment raised myosin light chain kinase, a protein that loosens the gut lining.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseMyosin light chain kinase
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    wild-type and mast cell-deficient Kit w-sh/w-sh mice
    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, Tβ4 treatment of wild-type or MC-deficient Kit w-sh/w-sh mice caused a reduction in tight junction proteins and the interleukin 22 receptor A1 (IL22RA1)/Reg3γ cascade, but an increase in myosin light chain kinase.
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In Tβ4-deficient rats, reintroduction of Tβ4 restored the stress- or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced barrier disturbance.

    In plain wordsIn rats lacking Tβ4, giving Tβ4 back brought back the gut barrier damage caused by stress or CRH.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseRestoration of stress or CRH-induced barrier disturbance by Tβ4 reintroduction
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Tβ4-deficient rats
    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, Tβ4 -/- rats were resistant to stress, though reintroduction of Tβ4 or wt-PMCs restored stress or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced barrier disturbance.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Specifically, rats genetically deficient in Tβ4 (Tβ4 -/-) or mice deficient in MCs (Kit w-sh/w-sh) were used to observe the effects of reintroducing Tβ4 or wild-type peritoneal MCs (wt-PMCs) into these animals.
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    The effect of Tβ4 on the epithelial barrier was accompanied by inhibition of the IL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 pathway.

    In plain wordsTβ4's effect on the gut barrier came with lower IL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 pathway signaling.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseIL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 pathway inhibition
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The effect of Tβ4 was accompanied by IL22RA1/Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway inhibition, suggesting a mechanism for physical and immune barrier suppression.

Natural levels measured2

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 06HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Tβ4 levels in colonic mucus were high.

    In plain wordsIn people with irritable bowel syndrome, the body's own Tβ4 levels in the gut mucus were high.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseTβ4 level in colonic mucus of IBS patients
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    We demonstrated that high levels of Tβ4 in IBS mucus and intestinal MCs mediate stress-associated disruptive changes to the epithelial barrier.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The colonic mucus Tβ4 levels in IBS patients were determined and their effects on the epithelial barrier were assessed in vitro and in vivo.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 07LabEndogenous levelIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    Tβ4 release from mast cells depended on the CRH receptor 1 but not on degranulation.

    In plain wordsIn cells, mast cells released their own Tβ4 through the CRH receptor 1 and not through degranulation.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    Not applicableTβ4 release from mast cells
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    mast cells
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Consistently, Tβ4 release from MCs was dependent on the CRH receptor 1, but not degranulation.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone1

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  1. 08AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    Rats genetically deficient in Tβ4 were resistant to stress-induced epithelial barrier disturbance.

    In plain wordsIn rats lacking Tβ4, stress did not damage the gut barrier as much.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseStress response of the epithelial barrier in Tβ4-deficient rats
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Tβ4-deficient rats
    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, Tβ4 -/- rats were resistant to stress
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Specifically, rats genetically deficient in Tβ4 (Tβ4 -/-) or mice deficient in MCs (Kit w-sh/w-sh) were used to observe the effects of reintroducing Tβ4 or wild-type peritoneal MCs (wt-PMCs) into these animals.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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