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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2021

6 results

Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor.

Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Stocks B, Borg ML, Kuefner M, Dalbram E, Nielsen TS, Agrawal A, Pankratova S, Chibalin AV, Karlsson HKR, Gheibi S, Björnholm M and 7 more

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Jørgensen NR, Clemmensen C, Hostrup M, Treebak JT, Krook A, Zierath JR, Deshmukh AS

American journal of physiology. Cell physiology8 Sept 2021Cited by 23 (Europe PMC)

PMID34495765 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1152/ajpcell.00263.2021 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-34495765
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study6

4 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with diet-induced obesity, treatment with TMSB4X did not ameliorate the metabolic disruptions.

    In plain wordsIn mice with diet-induced obesity, thymosin beta‑4 did not improve the metabolic problems.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    No significant changeMetabolic disruptions of diet-induced obesity
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Diet-induced obesity
    Outcome group
    Cardiometabolic risk factors · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Treatment of mice with TMSB4X did not ameliorate the metabolic disruptions associated with diet induced-obesity, nor did it enhance muscle regeneration in vivo.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice, treatment with TMSB4X did not enhance muscle regeneration in vivo.

    In plain wordsIn mice, thymosin beta‑4 did not improve muscle regeneration.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    No significant changeMuscle regeneration in vivo
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Muscle injury and repair · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Treatment of mice with TMSB4X did not ameliorate the metabolic disruptions associated with diet induced-obesity, nor did it enhance muscle regeneration in vivo.
  3. 03LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In cells, TMSB4X increased osteoblast proliferation.

    In plain wordsIn cells, thymosin beta‑4 increased bone-forming cell growth.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseOsteoblast proliferation
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    However, TMSB4X increased osteoblast proliferation
  4. 04LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In cells, TMSB4X increased neurite outgrowth.

    In plain wordsIn cells, thymosin beta‑4 increased the growth of nerve cell extensions.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseNeurite outgrowth
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    However, TMSB4X increased osteoblast proliferation and neurite outgrowth

Natural levels measured2

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 05HumanEndogenous levelOther designOther

    In humans, TMSB4X was acutely increased in plasma during exercise, irrespective of insulin resistance condition or exercise mode.

    In plain wordsIn people, the body's own thymosin beta‑4 in blood rose briefly during exercise, whatever their insulin resistance or exercise type.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreasePlasma TMSB4X after exercise
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    TMSB4X was also acutely increased in the plasma of exercising humans irrespective of the insulin resistance condition or exercise mode.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 06LabEndogenous levelIn vitro (cells)Other

    In media of contracting C2C12 myotubes, TMSB4X was the most upregulated secreted protein.

    In plain wordsIn cells, contracting muscle cells showed the largest rise of any secreted protein in their own thymosin beta‑4.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseTMSB4X in secretome of contracting myotubes
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Contracting C2C12 myotubes
    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, we characterized the secretome and identified thymosin β4 (TMSB4X) as the most upregulated secreted protein in the media of contracting C2C12 myotubes.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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