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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2009

11 results

Thymosin beta4 mediated PKC activation is essential to initiate the embryonic coronary developmental program and epicardial progenitor cell activation in adult mice in vivo.

Bock-Marquette I, Shrivastava S, Pipes GC, Thatcher JE, Blystone A, Shelton JM, Galindo CL, Melegh B, Srivastava D, Olson EN, DiMaio JM

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology1 May 2009Cited by 114 (Europe PMC)

PMID19358334 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC2768533 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.01.017 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-19358334
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study11

8 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In adult mice, thymosin beta4 increased the number of Bves-expressing cells in the epicardium.

    In plain wordsIn mice, thymosin beta4 increased the number of Bves-expressing cells in the heart surface layer.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseBves-expressing cells in adult epicardium
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adult mouse heart
    Outcome group
    Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · systemicAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The increase of blood vessel/epicardial substance (Bves) expressing cells
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In adult mice, thymosin beta4 was accompanied by raised expression of VEGF, Flk-1, TGF-beta, Fgfr-2, Fgfr-4, Fgf-17 and beta-Catenin.

    In plain wordsIn mice, thymosin beta4 was accompanied by higher levels of several genes that drive embryonic heart development.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseEmbryonic gene expression (VEGF, Flk-1, TGF-beta, Fgfr-2, Fgfr-4, Fgf-17, beta-Catenin)
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adult mouse heart
    Outcome group
    Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · systemicAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    accompanied by elevated VEGF, Flk-1, TGF-beta, Fgfr-2, Fgfr-4, Fgf-17 and beta-Catenin expression and increase of Tbx-18 and Wt-1 positive myocardial progenitors suggested organ-wide recall of the embryonic program in the adult epicardium.
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In adult mice, thymosin beta4 increased Tbx-18 and Wt-1 positive myocardial progenitors.

    In plain wordsIn mice, thymosin beta4 increased the number of heart progenitor cells that carry Tbx-18 and Wt-1.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseTbx-18 and Wt-1 positive myocardial progenitors
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adult mouse heart
    Outcome group
    Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · systemicAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    increase of Tbx-18 and Wt-1 positive myocardial progenitors suggested organ-wide recall of the embryonic program in the adult epicardium.
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In adult mice, thymosin beta4 positively regulated the expression and phosphorylation of Marcks, an indicator of PKC activity.

    In plain wordsIn mice, thymosin beta4 raised Marcks levels and activation, which shows higher PKC activity.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseMarcks expression and phosphorylation (in vivo)
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adult mouse heart
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · systemicAs given in this study (mouse).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    TB4 also positively regulated the expression and phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (Marcks), a direct substrate and indicator of protein kinase C (PKC) activity in vitro and in vivo.
  5. 05LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    Thymosin beta4 stimulated capillary-like tube formation of adult coronary endothelial cells in vitro.

    In plain wordsIn cells, thymosin beta4 increased tube formation by adult coronary endothelial cells.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseCapillary-like tube formation of adult coronary endothelial cells
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Adult coronary endothelial cells
    Outcome group
    Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    We found that TB4 stimulates capillary-like tube formation of adult coronary endothelial cells
  6. 06LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    Thymosin beta4 increased embryonic endothelial cell migration in vitro.

    In plain wordsIn cells, thymosin beta4 increased movement of embryonic endothelial cells.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseEmbryonic endothelial cell migration
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Embryonic endothelial cells
    Outcome group
    Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    increases embryonic endothelial cell migration and proliferation in vitro.
  7. 07LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    Thymosin beta4 increased embryonic endothelial cell proliferation in vitro.

    In plain wordsIn cells, thymosin beta4 increased growth of embryonic endothelial cells.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseEmbryonic endothelial cell proliferation
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Embryonic endothelial cells
    Outcome group
    Angiogenesis · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    increases embryonic endothelial cell migration and proliferation in vitro.
  8. 08LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In vitro, thymosin beta4 positively regulated the expression and phosphorylation of Marcks, an indicator of PKC activity.

    In plain wordsIn cells, thymosin beta4 raised Marcks levels and activation, which shows higher PKC activity.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseMarcks expression and phosphorylation (in vitro)
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Cultured cells
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    TB4 also positively regulated the expression and phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (Marcks), a direct substrate and indicator of protein kinase C (PKC) activity in vitro and in vivo.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  1. 09AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In adult mice, PKC inhibition reduced the epicardial thickening that thymosin beta4 initiated.

    In plain wordsIn mice, blocking PKC reduced the thickening of the heart surface layer that thymosin beta4 started.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseEpicardial thickening with PKC inhibition
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adult mouse heart
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    PKC inhibition significantly reduced TB4 initiated epicardial thickening, capillary growth and the number of myocardial progenitors.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  2. 10AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In adult mice, PKC inhibition reduced the capillary growth that thymosin beta4 initiated.

    In plain wordsIn mice, blocking PKC reduced the new small vessel growth that thymosin beta4 started.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseCapillary growth with PKC inhibition
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adult mouse heart
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    PKC inhibition significantly reduced TB4 initiated epicardial thickening, capillary growth and the number of myocardial progenitors.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

  3. 11AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In adult mice, PKC inhibition reduced the number of myocardial progenitors that thymosin beta4 initiated.

    In plain wordsIn mice, blocking PKC reduced the number of heart progenitor cells that thymosin beta4 started.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    DecreaseMyocardial progenitor number with PKC inhibition
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Adult mouse heart
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    PKC inhibition significantly reduced TB4 initiated epicardial thickening, capillary growth and the number of myocardial progenitors.

    In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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