Thymulin (serum thymic factor) / Studies

Natural peptide · 9 amino acids · 858.9 Da

Thymulin (serum thymic factor) studies and research data

PepBank has 183 thymulin studies with results. 150 of them gave thymulin, with 625 results, grouped by what the studies measured. In each group, results from studies in people come first. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Searches 625 results and 591 papers. Newer studies from Europe PMC

Results in people

3% of 625 results

Results in animals

376

60% of 625 results

Results in lab cells

231

37% of 625 results

From computer models

0% of 625 results

The molecule

Thymulin identity

Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.

Thymulin is the nonapeptide serum thymic factor, also called nonathymulin. This record uses natural_peptide because its primary identity is the defined native peptide FTS. Zinc binding is required for the active hormone. The zinc-free peptide and zinc-bound complex must remain distinct in source interpretation. GSRS defines the all-L peptide with an N-terminal pyroglutamate. The listed formula, mass and chemical identifiers describe the zinc-free peptide.

Kind: Natural peptide · 9 residues
Identifiers: ChEMBLCHEMBL2106455 (opens in a new tab)PubChem CID3085284 (opens in a new tab)UNII9H198D04WL (opens in a new tab)CAS63958-90-7
Development: Phase 2ChEMBL reports maximum development phase 2 for nonathymulin. This registry metadata does not identify the indication, formulation or administration regimen. Studies of natural thymulin levels do not establish administration trials. Source (opens in a new tab)

Targets

No molecular target is recorded for this peptide.

Sequence and structure

Residues, differences from the parent, calculated properties and 3D structure. Source values and calculated values are shown separately.

Sequence

9 amino acids · 1 modification

AKSQGGSN

-OH

Properties

From identity sources

Formula: C₃₃H₅₄N₁₂O₁₅
Molecular weight: 858.9 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass: 858.3832 Da

PubChem CID 3085284(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-21
GSRS UNII 9H198D04WL(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-21

Calculated from the sequence

pKa set

Some values cannot be calculated. A modification changes this value and is not modeled here (for example a lipid, metal or linker).

Average mass: Not calculated
Monoisotopic mass: Not calculated
Isoelectric point (pI): Not calculated
Net charge at pH 7.4: Not calculated
GRAVY (hydropathy): −1.667; Mean Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy · Kyte and Doolittle 1982; Negative: hydrophilic on average.
Extinction coefficient, 280 nm (Cys reduced): 0 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹; 5500 x Trp + 1490 x Tyr · Pace et al. 1995 (ExPASy ProtParam); No Trp or Tyr: absorbance at 280 nm cannot measure this peptide.
Instability index: 44.00; Dipeptide instability weights (DIWV) · Guruprasad et al. 1990; Above 40: classed as possibly unstable (ExPASy).
Aliphatic index: 11.1; Mole % A + 2.9 V + 3.9 (I + L) · Ikai 1980
Boman index: 2.93 kcal/mol; Mean solubility value (negated) · Boman 2003; Above 2.48: high protein-binding potential (Boman).
Hydrophobic moment (μH): Not calculated; The sequence is too short for this method.

Not included: cyclization. Mass, charge and pI are not calculated; use the identity-source values.
The N-terminal group is not modeled.
Defined and validated for proteins; use with care for short peptides.
Assumes an ideal alpha helix. Many short peptides are not helical.

@pepdb/chem 0.2.0 · EMBOSS pKa set · ExPASy residue masses

Net charge by pH

No charge curve

A modification changes this value and is not modeled here (for example a lipid, metal or linker).

Composition

Hydrophobic11% (1)A
Positive11% (1)K
Polar56% (5)N Q S
Special22% (2)G

9 residues. Each residue counts in one class; F and W count as aromatic.

A Ala1 · 11%

I Ile0 · 0%

L Leu0 · 0%

M Met0 · 0%

V Val0 · 0%

F Phe0 · 0%

W Trp0 · 0%

Y Tyr0 · 0%

H His0 · 0%

K Lys1 · 11%

R Arg0 · 0%

D Asp0 · 0%

E Glu0 · 0%

N Asn1 · 11%

Q Gln2 · 22%

S Ser2 · 22%

T Thr0 · 0%

C Cys0 · 0%

G Gly2 · 22%

P Pro0 · 0%

3D structure

No 3D structure

No experimental structure (PDB) and no UniProt entry for an AlphaFold model are listed for this peptide. Synthetic peptides often have neither. The sequence view above is the reference.

2D structure

Draws the structure in your browser with RDKit (about 2.3 MB, loaded once).

SMILES fromPubChem CID 3085284(opens in a new tab)

C[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CCC(=O)N1

Results by area

Thymulin results by year and outcome

Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Studies by year

183 of 591 studies have results (31%), published 1976 to 2026. Top row: every study. Bottom row: studies with results about Thymulin (serum thymic factor), by class. The rows use different scales.

Studies
Human
Animal
Lab
Computer model
Natural levels, tool or combination only

Studies591 in all, 1974 to 2026

Studies with results183 in all, 1976 to 2026

Retracted studies are left out. A study with results in two classes counts in both.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

What the studies measured

People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Thymulin studies on immune system and inflammation

341 results · people 9 · animals 200 · lab 132

Top 5 of 341 results

In rheumatoid arthritis trials, nonathymulin's clinical effect showed no clear associated changes in immune measurements.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1987
In mice, thymulin prevented IL-1 beta accumulation in blood after LPS exposure.Immunological investigations, 2008
In mice, FTS reduced the increase in lung weight compared with bleomycin alone.Clinical and experimental immunology, 2001
In mice, FTS reduced inflammatory cell accumulation in the lungs compared with bleomycin alone.Clinical and experimental immunology, 2001
In rats with induced inflammation, thymulin reduced activation of spinal immune cells.International immunopharmacology, 2019

Thymulin studies on daily life and fitness

3 results · people 3 · animals 0 · lab 0

3 results

In patients with multiple sclerosis, Nonathymulin did not significantly change disability scores compared with placebo.Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1989
In patients with multiple sclerosis, Nonathymulin did not significantly change the walking index compared with placebo.Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1989
In patients with multiple sclerosis, Nonathymulin did not significantly change the function scale compared with placebo.Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1989

Thymulin studies on infections

11 results · people 2 · animals 7 · lab 2

Top 4 of 11 results

In immunodeficient children, infections became less frequent during FTS treatment.Lancet, 1982
In virus-infected mice, pancreatic virus levels were similar after FTS pretreatment and no treatment.Archives of virology, 1996
In immunodeficient children, infections became less severe during FTS treatment.Lancet, 1982
In mice after 5-FU treatment, FTS reduced movement of Enterobacteriaceae from the intestine.Cellular immunology, 1996

Thymulin studies on bones and joints

6 results · people 2 · animals 4 · lab 0

Top 3 of 6 results

In rheumatoid arthritis trials, nonathymulin 5 mg was the most effective tested dose and improved clinical status more than placebo.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1987
In rheumatoid arthritis trials, nonathymulin 5 mg significantly improved clinical status as measured by four objective measures.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1987
In rats with arthritis, thymulin reduced paw swelling compared with control rats.The Journal of rheumatology, 1997

Thymulin studies on side effects

3 results · people 2 · animals 1 · lab 0

3 results

In patients with multiple sclerosis, the Nonathymulin trial recorded no significant side effects.Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1989
In rheumatoid arthritis trials, nonathymulin's clinical effect occurred with minimal adverse effects.Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1987
In mice, FTS doses higher than 300 micrograms/day/mouse were not toxic.Radiation research, 1992

Thymulin studies on receptors and cell signals

87 results · people 0 · animals 30 · lab 57

Top 5 of 87 results

In rats with induced inflammation, thymulin reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation.International immunopharmacology, 2019
In rats, synthetic thymulin did not change TSH at the tested doses.Mechanisms of ageing and development, 1987
In mice with EAE, thymulin reduced IKK phosphorylation compared with untreated mice.Immunobiology, 2013
In rats, FTS reduced kidney ERK activation compared with cisplatin alone.Biochemical pharmacology, 2005
In rats studied for toxin-induced diabetes, FTS did not significantly change plasma superoxide dismutase activity.European journal of pharmacology, 1994

Thymulin studies on sex hormones and fertility

57 results · people 0 · animals 22 · lab 35

Top 5 of 57 results

In mice with the thymus removed, thymulin advanced puberty onset.The Journal of endocrinology, 2000
In rats, thymulin did not change blood luteinizing hormone levels.Journal of neuroendocrinology, 1992
In normal and hypothymic mice, daily thymulin beginning at the later age delayed vaginal opening.The Journal of endocrinology, 1999
In lab tests, thymulin caused dose-related release of luteinizing hormone from pituitary tissue.Thymus, 1988
In mice, anterior hypothalamic thymulin did not restore ovulation after ether anesthesia compared with saline injection.Neuroimmunomodulation, 2005

Thymulin studies on cancer

17 results · people 0 · animals 17 · lab 0

Top 3 of 17 results

In non-vaccinated rats, sarcomas occurred in 63.3% with FTS versus 76.7% without FTS.Leukemia, 1997
In infected chickens, thymulin did not prevent visible tumors.Veterinary microbiology, 1989
In mice with tumors, thymulin reduced lung tumor colonies compared with saline.Clinical & experimental metastasis, 1988

Thymulin studies on pain

17 results · people 0 · animals 17 · lab 0

Top 3 of 17 results

In rats with induced inflammation, thymulin reduced increased sensitivity to heat pain.International immunopharmacology, 2019
In rats, intracerebroventricular thymulin had no significant effect on pain-related behavior.Neuroscience, 2003
In rats and mice with endotoxin-induced inflammation, high thymulin doses reduced sensitivity to pressure pain.Brain research, 1996

Thymulin studies on survival and serious illness

15 results · people 0 · animals 15 · lab 0

Top 5 of 15 results

In mice, FTS protected against lethal toxicity from 5-FU.Cellular immunology, 1996
In mice with acute colitis, FTS did not change survival compared with DSS alone.International immunopharmacology, 2007
In mice with tumors, thymulin prolonged survival.Clinical & experimental metastasis, 1988
In mice with graft-versus-host disease, FTS reduced deaths compared with no FTS.Microbiology and immunology, 1997
In pre-diabetic mice, thymulin reduced pancreatic cell damage.International immunopharmacology, 2016

Thymulin studies on blood sugar

14 results · people 0 · animals 14 · lab 0

Top 4 of 14 results

In reovirus-infected mice, serum thymic factor reduced or prevented a diabetes-like syndrome.Diabetologia, 1990
In mice, FTS maintained normal insulin expression compared with low or absent expression after LPS alone.Microbiology and immunology, 2004
In mice infected with 10 PFU of virus, FTS pretreatment prevented diabetes compared with untreated mice.Archives of virology, 1996
In mice with diabetes, thymulin reduced physiological impairments.International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology, 2021

Thymulin studies on kidneys and bladder

14 results · people 0 · animals 12 · lab 2

Top 3 of 14 results

In autoimmune mice, thymulin reduced glomerular deposits compared with controls.Clinical and experimental immunology, 1983
In rats, FTS reduced kidney dysfunction compared with cisplatin alone.Biochemical pharmacology, 2005
In rats receiving tacrolimus, each tested FTS dose partly increased kidney clearance compared with tacrolimus alone.Life sciences, 2002

Thymulin studies on stomach and gut

8 results · people 0 · animals 8 · lab 0

Top 3 of 8 results

In mice, FTS prevented visible pancreatic cell damage compared with LPS alone.Microbiology and immunology, 2004
In mice with acute colitis, FTS did not change disease activity compared with DSS alone.International immunopharmacology, 2007
In mice with graft-versus-host disease, FTS reduced intestinal disease compared with no FTS.Microbiology and immunology, 1997

Thymulin studies on brain and nerves

6 results · people 0 · animals 6 · lab 0

Top 3 of 6 results

In mice with severe EAE, thymulin reduced disease severity.International immunopharmacology, 2015
In guinea pigs and rats, serum thymic factor suppressed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis symptoms with dosing that began before inoculation.Acta neuropathologica, 1988
In mice with EAE, thymulin improved the brain barrier measured with Evans blue dye.Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2023

Thymulin studies on cells, genes and aging

6 results · people 0 · animals 6 · lab 0

Top 5 of 6 results

In SAM-P/8 mice, FTS increased kidney Mn-SOD activity.Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1990
In SAM-P/8 and SAM-R/1 mice, FTS increased brain Cu,Zn-SOD activity.Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1990
In SAM-P/8 mice, FTS decreased liver MAO-B activity.Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1990
In SAM-P/8 mice, FTS increased kidney Cu,Zn-SOD activity.Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1990
In SAM-P/8 mice, FTS decreased brain malondialdehyde content.Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1990

Thymulin studies on skin, hair and wounds

5 results · people 0 · animals 5 · lab 0

Top 3 of 5 results

In normal mice, thymulin reduced wound strength compared with saline.Surgery, 1989
In mice without a thymus, thymulin reduced wound strength compared with saline.Surgery, 1989
In normal mice, thymulin reduced collagen production during wound repair compared with saline.Surgery, 1989

Thymulin studies on blood levels and clearance

4 results · people 0 · animals 4 · lab 0

4 results

In a sheep, injected thymulin had a blood clearance half-life of 10.3 minutes.Journal of immunoassay, 1994
In rats, injected thymulin first increased blood levels, which later fell below vehicle controls.Journal of neuroendocrinology, 1992
In mice without a thymus, injected synthetic FTS induced both serum activity peaks.European journal of immunology, 1980
In rats, injected FTS had a blood half-life of 2-3 min.European journal of pharmacology, 1994

Thymulin studies on heart and blood vessels

2 results · people 0 · animals 2 · lab 0

2 results

In mice given the higher virus challenge, FTS pretreatment did not change the course of heart inflammation.Archives of virology, 1996
In rats, thymulin prevented the pulmonary hypertension profile, but the zinc-containing vehicle also produced some effects.Endocrinology, 2008

Thymulin studies on lungs and breathing

2 results · people 0 · animals 2 · lab 0

2 results

In mice, FTS reduced lung hydroxyproline accumulation compared with bleomycin alone.Clinical and experimental immunology, 2001
In mice, FTS reduced lung tissue changes compared with bleomycin alone.Clinical and experimental immunology, 2001

Thymulin studies on hormones

1 result · people 0 · animals 1 · lab 0

1 result

In rats, thymulin did not change blood corticosterone levels.Journal of neuroendocrinology, 1992

Thymulin studies on muscles and tendons

1 result · people 0 · animals 1 · lab 0

1 result

In animals, serum thymic factor did not change the muscle tetanus pattern.Biomedicine / [publiee pour l'A.A.I.C.I.G.], 1977

Thymulin studies on use, access and costs

1 result · people 0 · animals 1 · lab 0

1 result

In chickens, homeopathic thymulin 5cH increased productivity compared with water only.Homeopathy, 2012

Thymulin studies on weight and appetite

1 result · people 0 · animals 1 · lab 0

1 result

In mice with chronic colitis, FTS reduced weight loss compared with DSS alone.International immunopharmacology, 2007

Thymulin studies on growth hormone and growth

3 results · people 0 · animals 0 · lab 3

3 results

In lab tests, thymulin stimulated GH release from young and old rat pituitary cells.Neuroendocrinology, 1999
In lab tests, thymulin-Zn2+ did not change growth hormone release from rat pituitary tissue.Neuroimmunomodulation, 1997
In lab tests, thymulin stimulated rat pituitary GH release with a bell-shaped dose response.Neuroendocrinology, 1999

Trials and papers

Thymulin trials

Registered trials that test the peptide, with phase, status and dates. A dot marks trials with posted results.

StatusPhase

0 trials match. Highest phase first. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

No trial matches these filters.

Papers

Studies on this peptide. Some have results. The others have none yet.

Sort

Design

591 studies match. Retracted studies are left out.

Showing 23 of 591 studiesquery qry_4424af7fa05dd1e0333f47cb

More studies

368 studies in all, 23 on this page

PubMed tag: Review · 1995

Zinc: an overview.

Prasad et al. 1995Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)cited by 306

PMID 7749260PUB-07749260

Full text at the publisher

Jurisdiction	Body	Status	As of	Source
US	FDA	The openFDA active ingredient search returned no matches. This confirms no matching entry in this database, not worldwide absence of approval.	21 Oct 2026	api.fda.gov (opens in a new tab)
EU	EMA	No authorised exact product match was found in the EMA central medicine catalogue. National authorisations are outside this check.	21 Oct 2026	ema.europa.eu (opens in a new tab)
Sport	WADA	Status unknown Thymulin is not named in the retrieved 2026 List text.	2026 List	wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab)
Russia	Note	National medicinal registration was not established for this product.	21 Oct 2026	Not recorded

Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design
5 mg/day	Human	human	Not reported	Not reported	Randomized controlled trial
10 micrograms/kg every 3 days	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Case report or series · n = 2
100 ng/day	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	5 days	Animal study (in vivo)
100 ng/kg daily	Animal	rat	subcutaneous	3 wk	Animal study (in vivo)
15 microg/100 g body weight	Animal	mouse	injection	Not reported	Animal study (in vivo)
0.1, 0.5 and 1 microg in 5 microl saline	Animal	rat	intracerebroventricular	Not reported	Animal study (in vivo)

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Immune responseWhole body	Human: 9 results from 3 studies: 5 increase, 1 decrease, 1 no significant change, 1 mixed, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 157 results from 53 studies: 63 increase, 39 decrease, 40 no significant change, 5 mixed, 10 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 108 results from 36 studies: 60 increase, 9 decrease, 31 no significant change, 3 mixed, 5 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	274
Exercise and physical functionNervous system and cognition	Human: 3 results from 1 study: 3 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	3
Infection and antimicrobial activityInfection	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 2 decrease. Strongest design: Case report or series	Animal: 6 results from 4 studies: 2 increase, 3 decrease, 1 mixed. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	10
Bone and jointMusculoskeletal	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 2 increase. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 4 results from 1 study: 4 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	6
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 2 results from 2 studies: 2 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	3
Receptor activity and mechanismWhole body	No results	Animal: 30 results from 14 studies: 6 increase, 12 decrease, 12 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 57 results from 16 studies: 12 increase, 12 decrease, 18 no significant change, 2 mixed, 13 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	87
Inflammation markersRespiratory	No results	Animal: 43 results from 13 studies: 6 increase, 33 decrease, 3 no significant change, 1 mixed. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 24 results from 6 studies: 4 increase, 10 decrease, 7 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	67
Sex hormones and fertilityReproductive and sexual health	No results	Animal: 22 results from 6 studies: 10 increase, 8 decrease, 4 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 35 results from 10 studies: 17 increase, 8 decrease, 7 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	57
PainNervous system and cognition	No results	Animal: 17 results from 8 studies: 4 increase, 11 decrease, 2 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	17
Tumor growthCancer	No results	Animal: 17 results from 6 studies: 3 increase, 6 decrease, 7 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	17
Glycemic controlMetabolic and weight	No results	Animal: 14 results from 5 studies: 2 increase, 9 decrease, 1 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	14
Kidney functionKidney and urinary	No results	Animal: 12 results from 4 studies: 4 increase, 6 decrease, 2 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 2 results from 2 studies: 2 decrease. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	14

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	All
Immune responseImmune and inflammation	10	7	3	–	20
Endogenous peptide levelsEndocrine and hormones	–	7	7	–	14
Sex hormones and fertilityEndocrine and hormones	–	6	1	–	7
PharmacokineticsPharmacology	–	1	2	–	3
Receptor activity and mechanismImmune and inflammation	–	–	3	–	3
All outcome groups	10	21	16	–	47

Thymulin (serum thymic factor) studies and research data

Thymulin identity

Targets

Sequence and structure

Sequence

Properties

Net charge by pH

Composition

3D structure

2D structure

Thymulin results by year and outcome

What the studies measured

Thymulin studies on immune system and inflammation

Thymulin studies on daily life and fitness

Thymulin studies on infections

Thymulin studies on bones and joints

Thymulin studies on side effects

Thymulin studies on receptors and cell signals

Thymulin studies on sex hormones and fertility

Thymulin studies on cancer

Thymulin studies on pain

Thymulin studies on survival and serious illness

Thymulin studies on blood sugar

Thymulin studies on kidneys and bladder

Thymulin studies on stomach and gut

Thymulin studies on brain and nerves

Thymulin studies on cells, genes and aging

Thymulin studies on skin, hair and wounds

Thymulin studies on blood levels and clearance

Thymulin studies on heart and blood vessels

Thymulin studies on lungs and breathing

Thymulin studies on hormones

Thymulin studies on muscles and tendons

Thymulin studies on use, access and costs

Thymulin studies on weight and appetite

Thymulin studies on growth hormone and growth

Thymulin trials

Papers

More studies

Zinc: an overview.

Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc.

Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency.

Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology.

Zinc: mechanisms of host defense.

Prolactin and growth hormone in the regulation of the immune system.

Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor.

Zinc and immunity.

Biochemical characterisation of a serum thymic factor.

Zinc deficiency in elderly patients.

A trial of zinc supplementation in young rural Gambian children.

Interrelationships between zinc and immune function.

Thymic hormone deficiency in normal ageing and Down's syndrome: is there a primary failure of the thymus?

Nutrition and immunology: from the clinic to cellular biology and back again.

Thyroid function modulates thymic endocrine activity.

Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I stimulate hormonal function and proliferation of thymic epithelial cells.

Thymus involution in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Thymic hormone-containing cells. Characterization and localization of serum thymic factor in young mouse thymus studied by monoclonal antibodies.

Control of thymus physiology by peptidic hormones and neuropeptides.

Protein-energy malnutrition and immunological responses.

Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on the immune system.

Neuroendocrine control of thymic hormonal production. I. Prolactin stimulates in vivo and in vitro the production of thymulin by human and murine thymic epithelial cells.

Reversibility of the thymic involution and of age-related peripheral immune dysfunctions by zinc supplementation in old mice.

Immunodeficiency and cancer: prospects for correction.

Involution of the mammalian thymus, one of the leading regulators of aging.

Newer studies

Thymulin (serum thymic factor) studies: 183 papers with results

Regulatory and safety

Human evidence· 2

Animal evidence· 15

Doses studied · 86

Data and API

Peptide

Latest changes

For developers

Related peptides

Thymulin results by year and outcome

Thymulin studies on immune system and inflammation

Thymulin studies on daily life and fitness

Thymulin studies on infections

Thymulin studies on bones and joints