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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · chicken · 2003

3 results

Developmental immunotoxicity of lead: impact on thymic function.

Lee JE, Dietert RR

Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology1 Oct 2003Cited by 17 (Europe PMC)

PMID14745939 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1002/bdra.10092 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-14745939
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study3

3 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In chickens exposed to lead as embryos, thymulin partially reversed delayed-type hypersensitivity depression.

    In plain wordsIn chickens exposed to lead as embryos, thymulin partially restored delayed-type hypersensitivity compared with lead exposure without thymulin.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    IncreaseLead-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity depression
    Study

    chickenn: not reported in source

    Cornell K strain White Leghorn chickens exposed as embryos
    Comparator
    lead without thymulin supplementation
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · in ovoAs given in this study (chicken).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In ovo supplementation with thymulin partially reversed lead-induced DTH depression without any change in IFN-gamma-like cytokine production.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Cornell K strain White Leghorn chicken eggs were administered lead acetate (400 microg/egg) or sodium acetate (control) on embryonic development (E12) with and without thymulin supplementation.
    Summary · context
    Ex vivo production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-like cytokine by thymocytes and a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction were measured in the juvenile.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In chickens exposed to lead as embryos, thymulin did not change IFN-gamma-like cytokine production.

    In plain wordsIn chickens exposed to lead as embryos, thymulin did not change IFN-gamma-like cytokine production compared with lead exposure without thymulin.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    No significant changeIFN-gamma-like cytokine production after lead
    Study

    chickenn: not reported in source

    Cornell K strain White Leghorn chickens exposed as embryos
    Comparator
    lead without thymulin supplementation
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · in ovoAs given in this study (chicken).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In ovo supplementation with thymulin partially reversed lead-induced DTH depression without any change in IFN-gamma-like cytokine production.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Cornell K strain White Leghorn chicken eggs were administered lead acetate (400 microg/egg) or sodium acetate (control) on embryonic development (E12) with and without thymulin supplementation.
    Summary · context
    Ex vivo production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-like cytokine by thymocytes and a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction were measured in the juvenile.
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In chickens, embryonic exposure to thymulin alone partially depressed delayed-type hypersensitivity.

    In plain wordsIn chickens, embryonic thymulin alone partially reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    DecreaseDelayed-type hypersensitivity after thymulin alone
    Study

    chickenn: not reported in source

    Cornell K strain White Leghorn chickens exposed as embryos
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · in ovoAs given in this study (chicken).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Embryonic exposure to thymulin alone partially depressed the DTH response.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Cornell K strain White Leghorn chicken eggs were administered lead acetate (400 microg/egg) or sodium acetate (control) on embryonic development (E12) with and without thymulin supplementation.
    Summary · context
    Ex vivo production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-like cytokine by thymocytes and a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction were measured in the juvenile.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    21 Oct 2026, 15:58 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    21 Oct 2026, 13:55 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    21 Oct 2026, 12:50 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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