Small molecule · 406 Da

Enclomiphene studies and research data

PepBank has 48 enclomiphene studies with results. 46 of them gave enclomiphene, with 153 results, grouped by what the studies measured. In each group, results from studies in people come first. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Searches 153 results and 80 papers. Newer studies from Europe PMC

Results in people

28% of 153 results

Results in animals

41% of 153 results

Results in lab cells

31% of 153 results

From computer models

0% of 153 results

The molecule

Enclomiphene identity

Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.

Enclomiphene is a defined small molecule with E geometry at its central double bond. Clomiphene is a mixture of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene. This record covers isolated enclomiphene, including its citrate salt. EMA describes blockade of estrogen feedback to restore gonadotrophin release. Its EnCyzix decision cites absent symptom evidence and venous thromboembolism risk. It refused authorisation on 6 April 2018.

Kind: Small molecule
Formula: C₂₆H₂₈ClNO
Identifiers: ChEMBLCHEMBL954 (opens in a new tab)PubChem CID1548953 (opens in a new tab)UNIIR6D2UI4FLS (opens in a new tab)DrugBankDB06735 (opens in a new tab)CAS15690-57-0
Development: Phase 3Repros Therapeutics (Androxal); Renable Pharma Limited (EnCyzix applicant)ChEMBL gives maximum phase 3. NCT01534208 lists Repros Therapeutics Inc. as lead sponsor and Androxal as enclomiphene citrate. EMA identifies Renable Pharma Limited as applicant and records a refused application. Source (opens in a new tab)

Targets

Molecular targets with action and evidence source
Target	Action	Evidence
Estrogen receptor	Selective estrogen receptor modulator	curated database or regulator descriptionSource (opens in a new tab)

Structure

Structure from the identity record.

2D structure

Draws the structure in your browser with RDKit (about 2.3 MB, loaded once).

SMILES fromPubChem CID 1548953(opens in a new tab)

CCN(CC)CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)/C(=C(\C2=CC=CC=C2)/Cl)/C3=CC=CC=C3

Results by area

Enclomiphene results by year and outcome

Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Studies by year

48 of 80 studies have results (60%), published 1977 to 2026. Top row: every study. Bottom row: studies with results about Enclomiphene, by class. The rows use different scales.

Studies
Human
Animal
Lab
Computer model
Natural levels, tool or combination only

Studies80 in all, 1977 to 2026

Studies with results48 in all, 1977 to 2026

Retracted studies are left out. A study with results in two classes counts in both.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

What the studies measured

People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Enclomiphene studies on sex hormones and fertility

89 results · people 32 · animals 40 · lab 17

Top 5 of 89 results

In overweight hypogonadal men, FSH rose with enclomiphene and fell with testosterone gel.BJU international, 2016
In hypogonadal men, sperm counts rose in seven of seven men after three months of enclomiphene.The journal of sexual medicine, 2013
In hypogonadal men, testosterone averaged 525 ± 256 pg/dL after six months of enclomiphene.The journal of sexual medicine, 2013
In overweight hypogonadal men, enclomiphene maintained normal sperm concentration, while testosterone gel reduced sperm production.BJU international, 2016
In hypogonadal men, enclomiphene raised morning testosterone similarly to testosterone gel.Fertility and sterility, 2014

Enclomiphene studies on side effects

5 results · people 5 · animals 0 · lab 0

5 results

In hypogonadal men, enclomiphene was linked to less frequent reduced energy than clomiphene.Translational andrology and urology, 2024
A man with prior heart surgery had atrial flutter detected after an enclomiphene dose increase. Causality was uncertain.Cureus, 2026
In hypogonadal men, enclomiphene was linked to fewer mood changes than clomiphene.Translational andrology and urology, 2024
In hypogonadal men, enclomiphene was linked to less frequent decreased libido than clomiphene.Translational andrology and urology, 2024
In hypogonadal men, enclomiphene was linked to lower odds of adverse events than clomiphene.Translational andrology and urology, 2024

Enclomiphene studies on hormones

3 results · people 3 · animals 0 · lab 0

3 results

In hypogonadal men, ACTH did not significantly change with enclomiphene.BJU international, 2013
In hypogonadal men, TSH did not significantly change with enclomiphene.BJU international, 2013
In hypogonadal men, cortisol did not significantly change with enclomiphene.BJU international, 2013

Enclomiphene studies on bones and joints

2 results · people 1 · animals 1 · lab 0

2 results

In hypogonadal men, bone markers did not significantly change with enclomiphene.BJU international, 2013
In zebrafish exposed at 5.5 mm SL, enclomiphene increased skull suture fusion compared with controls.Plastic surgery, 2023

Enclomiphene studies on growth hormone and growth

2 results · people 1 · animals 0 · lab 1

2 results

In hypogonadal men, enclomiphene lowered IGF-1 more than testosterone gel.BJU international, 2013
In cells from rat pituitaries, enclomiphene increased growth hormone production after one week.Endocrinology, 1977

Enclomiphene studies on cholesterol and blood fats

1 result · people 1 · animals 0 · lab 0

1 result

In hypogonadal men, blood lipids did not significantly change with enclomiphene.BJU international, 2013

Enclomiphene studies on receptors and cell signals

35 results · people 0 · animals 19 · lab 16

Top 5 of 35 results

In rats, enclomiphene produced vaginal keratin patterns and levels similar to the 24-h stage of estradiol treatment.Endocrinology, 1985
In cows after birth, enclomiphene reduced total hypothalamic estradiol receptors versus controls.Journal of animal science, 1991
In rats with removed ovaries, enclomiphene had dose-dependent effects on most measurements similar to clomiphene.Endocrinology, 1998
In cells, enclomiphene blocked the volume-regulated anion channel similarly to racemic clomiphene.British journal of pharmacology, 2001
In lab tests with rat brain membranes, enclomiphene competitively inhibited labeled spiroperidol binding.Journal of steroid biochemistry, 1984

Enclomiphene studies on cancer

7 results · people 0 · animals 2 · lab 5

Top 3 of 7 results

In mice with EnCa101 tumors, enclomiphene stimulated tumor growth.Cancer research, 1990
In mice with human endometrial tumors, enclomiphene supported tumor growth as strongly as tamoxifen.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1991
In cells, low-dose enclomiphene inhibited breast cancer growth, but estradiol reversed this effect.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1983

Enclomiphene studies on kidneys and bladder

1 result · people 0 · animals 1 · lab 0

1 result

In mice, profound kidney effects occurred only with zuclomiphene, rather than enclomiphene.BJU international, 2016

Enclomiphene studies on blood levels and clearance

6 results · people 0 · animals 0 · lab 6

Top 5 of 6 results

In lab tests, rabbit liver microsomes converted enclomiphene into two metabolites.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 1981
In lab tests, liver microsomes from extensive metabolizers and recombinant CYP2D6 metabolized enclomiphene, with 40-60% drug disappearance.Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2008
In lab tests, an enclomiphene metabolite from rabbit liver matched desethylenclomiphene.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 1981
In lab tests, liver microsomes from a poor metabolizer did not detectably metabolize enclomiphene.Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2008
In lab tests, another enclomiphene metabolite matched 4-hydroxyclomiphene and differed from 3-hydroxyclomiphene.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 1981

Enclomiphene studies on infections

2 results · people 0 · animals 0 · lab 2

2 results

In cells, enclomiphene blocked filovirus particle entry with potency similar to clomiphene and zuclomiphene.Viruses, 2016
In cells, enclomiphene blocked filovirus particle infection with potency similar to clomiphene and zuclomiphene.Viruses, 2016

Trials and papers

Enclomiphene trials

Registered trials that test the peptide, with phase, status and dates. A dot marks trials with posted results.

StatusPhase

25 trials match. Highest phase first. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

Trials on this page (25 of 25)

25 trials · 24 completed · 1 stopped early · 10 with posted results

Completed
Ongoing
Not yet recruiting
Stopped
Estimated dates (est.)
Results posted

2006200820102012201420162018

Ph 3
ZA-003Ext
NCT01067365
Mar 2006 to May 2007
Ph 3
Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Androxal™ Treatment in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism
NCT00962637
Mar 2006 to May 2007
Ph 2
To Evaluate Sperm Parameters in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism Previously Treated With Topical Testosterone
NCT00706719
Jun 2008 to Aug 2009
Ph 2
Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Androxal in Controlling Blood Glucose in Men With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT01191320
Oct 2010 to Dec 2011
Ph 2
Normalization of Morning Testosterone Levels in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism
NCT01270841
Jan 2011 to Dec 2011
Ph 2
The Effect on Androxal Versus Androgel on Morning Testosterone in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism (Low Testosterone)
NCT01386606
Jun 2011 to Oct 2011
Ph 2
A One Year Open Label Study for the Treatment of Hypogonadism (Low Testosterone) in Men Who Have Completed ZA-203
NCT01386567
Jul 2011 to Jan 2013
Ph 3
Safety Study of Enclomiphene Citrate in the Treatment of Men With Secondary Hypogonadism
NCT01534208
May 2012 to Oct 2013
Ph 3
Phase III Study to Evaluated Morning Testosterone Normalization in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism
NCT01532414
Aug 2012 to Mar 2013
Ph 3
Assessment of the Effects of Enclomiphene Citrate on Bone Mineral Density in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism
NCT01619683
Sept 2012 to Sept 2014

25 trials · 24 completed · 1 stopped early · 10 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

WithdrawnPhase 2/3NCT02160704

Androxal in Male Infertility

Baylor College of Medicinen = 022 Sept 2014 to 2 Aug 2016

Infertility

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 11 Jul 2019

CompletedPhase 3Results postedNCT01532414

Phase III Study to Evaluated Morning Testosterone Normalization in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 151Aug 2012 to Mar 2013

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 27 May 2015

CompletedPhase 3Results postedNCT01739595

Phase III Study to Evaluate Morning Testosterone Normalization in Overweight Men With Secondary Hypogonadism

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 181Nov 2012 to Sept 2013

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 27 May 2015

CompletedPhase 3NCT01619683

Assessment of the Effects of Enclomiphene Citrate on Bone Mineral Density in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 300Sept 2012 to Sept 2014

Effect of Treatment on Bone Mineral Density

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 1 Oct 2014

CompletedPhase 3NCT01993212

A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Phase III Study in Men With Acquired Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism to Compare Changes in Testosterone and Sperm Concentration Following Treatment With 12.5 mg or 25 mg Androxal or AndroGel 1.62%

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 120Jan 2014 to Sept 2014

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 1 Oct 2014

CompletedPhase 3NCT01993225

A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Phase III Study in Men With Acquired Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism to Compare Changes in Testosterone and Sperm Concentration Following Treatment With 12.5 mg or 25 mg Androxal or AndroGel 1.62%

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 120Jan 2014 to Aug 2014

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 1 Oct 2014

CompletedPhase 3Results postedNCT01534208

Safety Study of Enclomiphene Citrate in the Treatment of Men With Secondary Hypogonadism

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 499May 2012 to Oct 2013

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 24 Jul 2014

CompletedPhase 3NCT01067365

Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Androxal Treatment in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 104Mar 2006 to May 2007

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 27 Jun 2014

CompletedPhase 3NCT01739582

An Extension Study of Enclomiphene Citrate in the Treatment of Men With Secondary Hypogonadism

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 300Nov 2012 to Apr 2014

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 16 Apr 2014

CompletedPhase 3NCT00962637

Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Androxal™ Treatment in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 194Mar 2006 to May 2007

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 11 Feb 2010

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT02651688

A Multi-Center Study in Men With Acquired Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism to Compare Changes in Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters With Diet and Exercise in Conjunction With Treatment With 12.5 mg or 25 mg Enclomiphene

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 5011 Jan 2016 to 2 May 2017

Acquired Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism · Obesity

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 27 Jun 2019

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT01386606

The Effect on Androxal Versus Androgel on Morning Testosterone in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism (Low Testosterone)

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 60Jun 2011 to Oct 2011

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 23 Sept 2015

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT00706719

To Evaluate Sperm Parameters in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism Previously Treated With Topical Testosterone

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 17Jun 2008 to Aug 2009

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 19 Aug 2015

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT01270841

Normalization of Morning Testosterone Levels in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 83Jan 2011 to Dec 2011

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 28 Jul 2014

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT01191320

Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Androxal in Controlling Blood Glucose in Men With Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 102Oct 2010 to Dec 2011

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus · Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 24 Jul 2014

CompletedPhase 2NCT01386567

A One Year Open Label Study for the Treatment of Hypogonadism (Low Testosterone) in Men Who Have Completed ZA-203

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 48Jul 2011 to Jan 2013

Hypogonadism · Low Testosterone

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 17 May 2013

CompletedPhase 1Results postedNCT01984398

Comparison of Two Formulations of Androxal

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 1631 Dec 2013 to 31 Dec 2013

Bioequivalence

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 6 May 2019

CompletedPhase 1NCT02274181

An Open-Label, Single-Dose Study to Assess the Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion, and Mass Balance of Radiolabeled Androxal in Healthy Male Subjects After Oral Administration

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 6Dec 2014 to Jan 2015

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 12 Mar 2015

CompletedPhase 1NCT02169804

An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Effect of Age Upon the Pharmacokinetics of Androxal

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 24Aug 2014 to Aug 2014

Pharmacokinetics

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 1 Oct 2014

CompletedPhase 1NCT01923857

Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic and Safety Profile of Androxal in Male Subjects With Impaired Renal Function

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 26Aug 2013 to Aug 2014

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 11 Aug 2014

CompletedPhase 1Results postedNCT01959685

A Dose Escalating Study to Determine the Tolerability and PK of a Single Dose of Androxal

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 9Oct 2013 to Nov 2013

Pharmacokinetics · Tolerability

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 11 Aug 2014

CompletedPhase 1NCT01991327

Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions of Androxal With Cytochrome P450 Isoenyzmes in Healthy Males

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 30May 2014 to Jul 2014

Drug-drug Interaction

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 11 Aug 2014

CompletedPhase 1NCT02146391

Study to Evaluate the Effect of Food Upon the Pharmacokinetics of Androxal

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 12Jun 2014 to Jul 2014

Normal Volunteers

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 11 Aug 2014

CompletedPhase 1NCT02117830

A Thorough QT/QTc Study to Assess the Effects of Androxal in Healthy Male Subjects

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 54Apr 2014 to May 2014 (primary)

Healthy

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 16 Jun 2014

CompletedPhase 1NCT01923870

Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Androxal in Male Subjects With Impaired Hepatic Function

Repros Therapeutics Inc.n = 19Aug 2013 to Jan 2014

Secondary Hypogonadism

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 24 Jan 2014

Papers

Studies on this peptide. Some have results. The others have none yet.

Sort

Design

80 studies match. Retracted studies are left out.

Showing 25 of 80 studiesquery qry_b7b490cb68f08156c379924b

Studies with results

48 studies in all, 18 on this page

Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 1990

1 result

Effect of steroidal and nonsteroidal antiestrogens on the growth of a tamoxifen-stimulated human endometrial carcinoma (EnCa101) in athymic mice.

Gottardis et al. 1990Cancer researchcited by 63

PMID 2334915PUB-02334915

Full text at the publisher1 result where Enclomiphene was given

Publisher page See results (1)

Randomized controlled trial · 2016

4 results

Oral enclomiphene citrate raises testosterone and preserves sperm counts in obese hypogonadal men, unlike topical testosterone: restoration instead of replacement.

Kim et al. 2016BJU internationalcited by 54

PMID 26496621DOI 10.1111/bju.13337PUB-26496621

Full text at the publisher3 results where Enclomiphene was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (4)

Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 1981

1 result

Geometric isomers of substituted triphenylethylenes and antiestrogen action.

Jordan et al. 1981Endocrinologycited by 53

PMID 6781873DOI 10.1210/endo-108-4-1353PUB-06781873

Full text at the publisher1 result where Enclomiphene was given

Publisher page See results (1)

Randomized controlled trial · 2013

8 results

Oral enclomiphene citrate stimulates the endogenous production of testosterone and sperm counts in men with low testosterone: comparison with testosterone gel.

Kaminetsky et al. 2013The journal of sexual medicinen = 7cited by 52

PMID 23530575DOI 10.1111/jsm.12116PUB-23530575

Full text at the publisher6 results where Enclomiphene was given (plus 2 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (8)

Randomized controlled trial · 2014

5 results

Enclomiphene citrate stimulates testosterone production while preventing oligospermia: a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing topical testosterone.

Wiehle et al. 2014Fertility and sterilitycited by 49

PMID 25044085DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.004PUB-25044085

Full text at the publisher5 results where Enclomiphene was given

Publisher page See results (5)

In vitro (cells) · 2016

2 results

Clomiphene and Its Isomers Block Ebola Virus Particle Entry and Infection with Similar Potency: Potential Therapeutic Implications.

Nelson et al. 2016Virusescited by 38

PMID 27490565PMC4997570DOI 10.3390/v8080206PUB-27490565

CC BY2 results where Enclomiphene was given

Download PDF See results (2)

In vitro (cells) · 2001

1 result

Inhibition of volume-regulated anion channels in cultured endothelial cells by the anti-oestrogens clomiphene and nafoxidine.

Maertens et al. 2001British journal of pharmacologycited by 31

PMID 11156570PMC1572544DOI 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703786PUB-11156570

Rights unknown1 result where Enclomiphene was given

Source link See results (1)

Randomized controlled trial · 2013

17 results

Testosterone Restoration by Enclomiphene Citrate in Men with Secondary Hypogonadism: Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics.

Wiehle et al. 2013BJU internationalcited by 31

PMID 23875626PMC4155868DOI 10.1111/bju.12363PUB-23875626

Free to read · publisher termsCC BY-NC-ND14 results where Enclomiphene was given (plus 3 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Read at source See results (17)

In vitro (cell-free) · rat · 1984

3 results

Interaction of non-steroidal antiestrogens with dopamine receptor binding.

Hiemke et al. 1984Journal of steroid biochemistrycited by 30

PMID 6098784DOI 10.1016/0022-4731(84)90028-1PUB-06098784

Full text at the publisher2 results where Enclomiphene was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (3)

In vitro (cells) · 1983

8 results

Antitumor activity of clomiphene analogs in vitro: relationship to affinity for the estrogen receptor and another high affinity antiestrogen-binding site.

Murphy et al. 1983The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolismcited by 28

PMID 6408114DOI 10.1210/jcem-57-2-373PUB-06408114

Full text at the publisher5 results where Enclomiphene was given (plus 3 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (8)

In vitro (cells) · rat · 1999

2 results

Effect of estrogen agonists and antagonists on induction of progesterone receptor in a rat hypothalamic cell line.

Fitzpatrick et al. 1999Endocrinologycited by 27

PMID 10465261DOI 10.1210/endo.140.9.7006PUB-10465261

Rights unknown2 results where Enclomiphene was given

Source link See results (2)

In vitro (cells) · mouse · 1986

6 results

The effects of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene citrates on mouse embryos fertilized in vitro and in vivo.

Schmidt et al. 1986American journal of obstetrics and gynecologycited by 26

PMID 3083679DOI 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90444-8PUB-03083679

Full text at the publisher6 results where Enclomiphene was given

Publisher page See results (6)

Animal study (in vivo) · acanthopagrus schlegeli · 2001

1 result

Regulation of plasma gonadotropin II secretion by sex steroids, aromatase inhibitors, and antiestrogens in the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli Bleeker.

Lee et al. 2001Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biologycited by 24

PMID 11399474DOI 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00337-2PUB-11399474

Full text at the publisher1 result where Enclomiphene was given

Publisher page See results (1)

In vitro (cells) · rat · 1977

6 results

Anti-estrogenic compounds increase prolactin and growth hormone synthesis in clonal strains of rat pituitary cells.

Dannies et al. 1977Endocrinologycited by 21

PMID 908269DOI 10.1210/endo-101-4-1151PUB-00908269

Full text at the publisher3 results where Enclomiphene was given (plus 3 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (6)

In vitro (cell-free) · calf · 1982

3 results

The inhibition of the estrogen receptor's positive cooperative [3H]estradiol binding by the antagonist, clomiphene.

Sasson et al. 1982The Journal of biological chemistrycited by 21

PMID 7118895DOI 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33795-5PUB-07118895

Full text at the publisher2 results where Enclomiphene was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (3)

Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 1991

1 result

Tamoxifen-stimulated growth of human endometrial carcinoma.

Jordan et al. 1991Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencescited by 19

PMID 1905895DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37886.xPUB-01905895

Full text at the publisher1 result where Enclomiphene was given

Publisher page See results (1)

Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 1985

4 results

Changes in keratin expression during the estrogen-mediated differentiation of rat vaginal epithelium.

Kronenberg et al. 1985Endocrinologycited by 19

PMID 2411529DOI 10.1210/endo-117-4-1480PUB-02411529

Full text at the publisher1 result where Enclomiphene was given (plus 3 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (4)

Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 1998

2 results

Differential responses of estrogen target tissues in rats including bone to clomiphene, enclomiphene, and zuclomiphene.

Turner et al. 1998Endocrinologycited by 19

PMID 9724022DOI 10.1210/endo.139.9.6177PUB-09724022

Rights unknown2 results where Enclomiphene was given

Source link See results (2)

More studies

31 studies in all, 7 on this page

PubMed tag: none · 2007

Minimal ovarian stimulation with clomiphene citrate: a large-scale retrospective study.

Teramoto et al. 2007Reproductive biomedicine onlinecited by 80

PMID 17697488DOI 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60701-8PUB-17697488

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: none · 1999

Serum concentrations of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene across consecutive cycles of clomiphene citrate therapy in anovulatory infertile women.

Young et al. 1999Fertility and sterilitycited by 73

PMID 10202872DOI 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00537-8PUB-10202872

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: none · 2009

Clomiphene citrate and enclomiphene for the treatment of hypogonadal androgen deficiency.

Kaminetsky et al. 2009Expert opinion on investigational drugscited by 23

PMID 19938905DOI 10.1517/13543780903405608PUB-19938905

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Clinical Trial · 2009

Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of clomiphene citrate isomers in anovular patients with polycystic ovary disease.

Ghobadi et al. 2009Journal of clinical pharmacologycited by 22

PMID 19033451DOI 10.1177/0091270008328096PUB-19033451

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: none · 1991

Effect of clomiphene citrate treatment on endometrial estrogen and progesterone receptor induction in women.

Fritz et al. 1991American journal of obstetrics and gynecologycited by 21

PMID 1906682DOI 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90247-oPUB-01906682

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Review · 2016

Enclomiphene citrate for the treatment of secondary male hypogonadism.

Rodriguez et al. 2016Expert opinion on pharmacotherapycited by 20

PMID 27337642PMC5009465DOI 10.1080/14656566.2016.1204294PUB-27337642

Rights unknown

Source link

PubMed tag: Review · 2009

Enclomiphene, an estrogen receptor antagonist for the treatment of testosterone deficiency in men.

Hill et al. 2009IDrugs : the investigational drugs journalcited by 19

PMID 19204885PUB-19204885

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

Newer studies

PepBank reads each paper before it shows the results. This search looks in Europe PMC for newer papers that PepBank has not read yet.

Enclomiphene studies: 48 papers with results

Page 1 of 1

Oral enclomiphene citrate stimulates the endogenous production of testosterone and sperm counts in men with low testosterone: comparison with testosterone gel.
Kaminetsky J · The journal of sexual medicine · 2013
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Oral enclomiphene citrate raises testosterone and preserves sperm counts in obese hypogonadal men, unlike topical testosterone: restoration instead of replacement.
Kim ED · BJU international · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Enclomiphene citrate stimulates testosterone production while preventing oligospermia: a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing topical testosterone.
Wiehle RD · Fertility and sterility · 2014
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Testosterone Restoration by Enclomiphene Citrate in Men with Secondary Hypogonadism: Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics.
Wiehle R · BJU international · 2013
Randomized controlled trial · 17 results
Safety and efficacy of enclomiphene and clomiphene for hypogonadal men.
Saffati G · Translational andrology and urology · 2024
Observational study · 6 results
Efficacy of Clomiphene Citrate Versus Enclomiphene Citrate for Male Infertility Treatment: A Retrospective Study.
Thomas J · Cureus · 2023
Observational study · 7 results
Newly Detected Atrial Flutter After Enclomiphene Dose Escalation in a Patient With Prior Mitral Valve Repair and Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report.
Tariq MN · Cureus · 2026
Case report or series · 2 results
Enclomiphene does not alter the postpartum interval of suckled beef cows.
Schramm RD · Journal of animal science · 1991
Animal study (in vivo) · cow · 8 results
Postpartum interval in beef cows shortened by enclomiphene.
Chang CF · Journal of animal science · 1987
Animal study (in vivo) · cow · 4 results
Effects of enclomiphene on estradiol-induced changes in LH secretion in ewes.
Gregg DW · Journal of animal science · 1990
Animal study (in vivo) · sheep · 12 results
Effect of steroidal and nonsteroidal antiestrogens on the growth of a tamoxifen-stimulated human endometrial carcinoma (EnCa101) in athymic mice.
Gottardis MM · Cancer research · 1990
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 1 result
Geometric isomers of substituted triphenylethylenes and antiestrogen action.
Jordan VC · Endocrinology · 1981
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 1 result
Regulation of plasma gonadotropin II secretion by sex steroids, aromatase inhibitors, and antiestrogens in the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli Bleeker.
Lee YH · Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology · 2001
Animal study (in vivo) · acanthopagrus schlegeli · 1 result
Differential responses of estrogen target tissues in rats including bone to clomiphene, enclomiphene, and zuclomiphene.
Turner RT · Endocrinology · 1998
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2 results
Tamoxifen-stimulated growth of human endometrial carcinoma.
Jordan VC · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 1991
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 1 result
Changes in keratin expression during the estrogen-mediated differentiation of rat vaginal epithelium.
Kronenberg MS · Endocrinology · 1985
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 4 results
Differential responses of sex steroid target tissues of rats treated with 4-hydroxyandrostenedione.
Wing LY · Endocrinology · 1988
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 3 results
Differential effects of isomers of clomiphene citrate on reproductive tissues in male mice.
Fontenot GK · BJU international · 2016
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 8 results
The estrogenic effects of clomiphene during the neonatal period in the rat.
Clark JH · Journal of steroid biochemistry · 1983
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 6 results
Gap junction modulation in rat uterus. III. Structure-activity relationships of estrogen receptor-binding ligands on myometrial and serosal cells.
Burghardt RC · Biology of reproduction · 1987
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2 results
Subcellular distribution of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and antiestrogen action on androgen-metabolizing enzymes in rat pituitary gland.
Ghraf R · Journal of neurochemistry · 1982
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 6 results
Estrogen agonistic and antagonistic action of 8 non-steroidal antiestrogens on progestin receptor induction in rat pituitary gland and uterus.
Kirchhoff J · Brain research · 1983
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 5 results
The effect of clomiphene citrate and its Zu or En isomers on the reproductive system of the immature male rat.
Weissenberg R · Andrologia · 1992
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 9 results
Gap junction modulation in rat uterus. II. Effects of antiestrogens on myometrial and serosal cells.
Burghardt RC · Biology of reproduction · 1984
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 5 results
Clomiphene Citrate and Enclomiphene Hydrochloride Exposure Is Associated With Interfrontal Suture Fusion in Zebrafish.
Franz-Odendaal TA · Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2023
Animal study (in vivo) · danio rerio · 2 results
Enclomiphene induces luteolysis in the nonpregnant guinea pig.
Westfahl PK · Experientia · 1989
Animal study (in vivo) · guinea pig · 2 results
Modulation of intrafollicular oestradiol in explanted hamster follicles does not affect oocyte meiotic status.
Racowsky C · Journal of reproduction and fertility · 1989
Ex vivo tissue · hamster · 1 result
Clomiphene and Its Isomers Block Ebola Virus Particle Entry and Infection with Similar Potency: Potential Therapeutic Implications.
Nelson EA · Viruses · 2016
In vitro (cells) · 2 results
Inhibition of volume-regulated anion channels in cultured endothelial cells by the anti-oestrogens clomiphene and nafoxidine.
Maertens C · British journal of pharmacology · 2001
In vitro (cells) · 1 result
Antitumor activity of clomiphene analogs in vitro: relationship to affinity for the estrogen receptor and another high affinity antiestrogen-binding site.
Murphy LC · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 1983
In vitro (cells) · 8 results
Effect of estrogen agonists and antagonists on induction of progesterone receptor in a rat hypothalamic cell line.
Fitzpatrick SL · Endocrinology · 1999
In vitro (cells) · rat · 2 results
The effects of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene citrates on mouse embryos fertilized in vitro and in vivo.
Schmidt GE · American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 1986
In vitro (cells) · mouse · 6 results
Anti-estrogenic compounds increase prolactin and growth hormone synthesis in clonal strains of rat pituitary cells.
Dannies PS · Endocrinology · 1977
In vitro (cells) · rat · 6 results
Estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene on gonadotropin secretion by ovine pituitary cells in culture.
Huang ES · Endocrinology · 1983
In vitro (cells) · sheep · 4 results
Inhibition of the estradiol-induced growth of cultured human breast cancer cells by the anti-estrogens tamoxifen, desmethyl-tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and enclomiphene.
Marth C · Biochemical pharmacology · 1984
In vitro (cells) · 2 results
Effects of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene on basal and gonadotrophin-stimulated progesterone secretion by isolated subpopulations of small and large ovine luteal cells.
Opsahl MS · Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 1996
In vitro (cells) · ovine · 6 results
Interaction of non-steroidal antiestrogens with dopamine receptor binding.
Hiemke C · Journal of steroid biochemistry · 1984
In vitro (cell-free) · rat · 3 results
The inhibition of the estrogen receptor's positive cooperative [3H]estradiol binding by the antagonist, clomiphene.
Sasson S · The Journal of biological chemistry · 1982
In vitro (cell-free) · calf · 3 results
CYP2D6 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of clomiphene.
Ghobadi C · Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2008
In vitro (cell-free) · 5 results
A specific cytosolic estrogen receptor in human term placenta.
Kneussl ES · American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 1982
In vitro (cell-free) · 2 results
Rabbit liver microsomal metabolism of enclomiphene.
Ruenitz PC · Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 1981
In vitro (cell-free) · rabbit · 4 results
A plasma steroid hormone binding protein in the viviparous water snake, Nerodia.
Riley D · General and comparative endocrinology · 1988
In vitro (cell-free) · nerodia · 1 result
Triphenylethylene antiestrogen binding sites (TABS) specificity.
Clark JH · Journal of steroid biochemistry · 1987
In vitro (cell-free) · rat · 1 result
Antitumor and chemopreventive effects of a clomiphene analog, MDL 103,323, in mammary carcinoma.
Bitonti AJ · Anticancer research · 1996
In vitro (cell-free) · 1 result
Characterization of estrogen and antiestrogen binding to the cytosol and microsomes of breast tumors.
Lopes MC · The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology · 1991
In vitro (cell-free) · 1 result
Binding and biologic activity of diethylstilbestrol in the hamster: influence of a serum component on estrogen receptor binding and estrogenic activity.
Okulicz WC · Journal of steroid biochemistry · 1988
In vitro (cell-free) · hamster · 1 result
Changes in Serum Testosterone After Sublingual Enclomiphene Citrate Combined With a Mineral Oxide Delivery System: A Retrospective Case Series of 15 Men.
Warren S · Cureus · 2026
Not a test of Enclomiphene alone · 3 results
Ovulation induction by antiestrogens in an Indian tropical vespertillionid bat, Scotophilus heathi.
Pakrasi PL · Life sciences · 2006
Not a test of Enclomiphene alone · 1 result

Status and safety

Regulatory and safety

Approval and sport status, and the safety outcomes reported in study results. Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction, with date and source
Jurisdiction	Body	Status	As of	Source
US	FDA	The openFDA active ingredient search returned no matches. This confirms no matching entry in this database, not worldwide absence of approval.	21 Oct 2026	api.fda.gov (opens in a new tab)
EU	EMA	EnCyzix, enclomifene citrate, refusal dated 6 April 2018.	21 Oct 2026	ema.europa.eu (opens in a new tab)
Sport	WADA	Banned in sport (WADA S4.2) S4.2 prohibits anti-estrogens and SERMs at all times.	2026 List	wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab)
Russia	Note	National medicinal registration was not established for this product.	21 Oct 2026	Not recorded

Safety outcomes

18 safety results for Enclomiphene.

Human evidence· 5

In hypogonadal men, decreased libido was less frequent with enclomiphene than clomiphene.
Observational studyn = 66
In hypogonadal men, reduced energy was less frequent with enclomiphene than clomiphene.
Observational studyn = 66
In hypogonadal men, mood changes were less frequent with enclomiphene than clomiphene.
Observational studyn = 66
In hypogonadal men, enclomiphene was associated with lower adverse event odds than clomiphene.
Observational studyn = 66
Odds ratio
0.18 ratio
enclomiphene versus clomiphene
Odds ratio 95% CI
0.07 to 0.44 ratio
enclomiphene versus clomiphene
In a man with prior mitral valve repair, atrial flutter was detected after enclomiphene dose escalation, without established causality.
Case report or seriesn = 1

Animal evidence· 7

In athymic mice with human endometrial carcinoma, enclomiphene supported tumor growth as actively as tamoxifen.
Animal study (in vivo)mouse
In male mice, isolated enclomiphene did not affect testicular histology.
Animal study (in vivo)mouse
In male mice, profound Leydig cell effects were associated only with zuclomiphene, rather than enclomiphene.
Animal study (in vivo)mouse
In male mice, profound epididymal effects were associated only with zuclomiphene, rather than enclomiphene.
Animal study (in vivo)mouse
In male mice, profound seminal vesicle effects were associated only with zuclomiphene, rather than enclomiphene.
Animal study (in vivo)mouse
In male mice, profound kidney effects were associated only with zuclomiphene, rather than enclomiphene.
Animal study (in vivo)mouse
In zebrafish exposed at 5.5 mm SL, enclomiphene increased interfrontal suture fusion compared with controls.
Animal study (in vivo)Danio rerio

Lab evidence· 6

In cultured mouse oocytes, enclomiphene adversely affected fertilization rates in a dose-dependent manner.
In vitro (cells)mouse
In cultured mouse embryos, enclomiphene adversely affected blastocyst formation rates in a dose-dependent manner.
In vitro (cells)mouse
In cultured mouse embryos, enclomiphene adversely affected degeneration rates in a dose-dependent manner.
In vitro (cells)mouse
In cultured mouse oocytes, fertilization rates did not differ significantly between enclomiphene and zuclomiphene.
In vitro (cells)mouse
In cultured mouse embryos, blastocyst formation rates did not differ significantly between enclomiphene and zuclomiphene.
In vitro (cells)mouse
In cultured mouse embryos, degeneration rates did not differ significantly between enclomiphene and zuclomiphene.
In vitro (cells)mouse

Doses studied · 27

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

25 mg dailyHuman
Species
human
Route
oral
Duration
six weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial
6.25, 12.5 and 25 mgHuman
Species
human
Route
oral
Duration
six weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial
50 mg daily instead of 25 mg dailyHuman
Species
human
Route
Not reported
Duration
Not reported
Design
Case report or series · n = 1
three implants each containing 150 mgAnimal
Species
cow
Route
silastic implants
Duration
d 20 to d 30 postpartum
Design
Animal study (in vivo) · n = 52
30-cm implantAnimal
Species
cow
Route
subcutaneous implant
Duration
Implanted on d 20 and removed on d 29 postpartum
Design
Animal study (in vivo) · n = 12
10 mgAnimal
Species
sheep
Route
Not reported
Duration
Not reported
Design
Animal study (in vivo) · n = 4

Doses studied in the study results, as given in the studies.
Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design
25 mg daily	Human	human	oral	six weeks	Randomized controlled trial
6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg	Human	human	oral	six weeks	Randomized controlled trial
50 mg daily instead of 25 mg daily	Human	human	Not reported	Not reported	Case report or series · n = 1
three implants each containing 150 mg	Animal	cow	silastic implants	d 20 to d 30 postpartum	Animal study (in vivo) · n = 52
30-cm implant	Animal	cow	subcutaneous implant	Implanted on d 20 and removed on d 29 postpartum	Animal study (in vivo) · n = 12
10 mg	Animal	sheep	Not reported	Not reported	Animal study (in vivo) · n = 4

6 of 27 shown

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Data

Data and API

Data version, change history and code for this peptide.

Data version 30856030 Oct 2026

Peptide

Peptide id: PEP-000083
Peptide version: 4
Peptide hash: 4f2ea7d202cab17a…
Data version: 308560

Latest changes

27 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 256676
22 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 254512
21 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 226599
21 Oct 2026CreatedData version 213609

For developers

curl -s https://pepbank.io/v1/briefs/enclomiphene

Evidence summary for Enclomiphene: counts by class, key results with sources, notices, data version.

Peptide as JSON Evidence summary as JSON

Compare

hCG vs enclomiphene

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Sex hormones and fertilityReproductive and sexual health	Human: 32 results from 7 studies: 24 increase, 1 decrease, 6 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 40 results from 12 studies: 6 increase, 16 decrease, 16 no significant change, 1 mixed, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 17 results from 5 studies: 4 increase, 8 decrease, 5 no significant change. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	89
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 5 results from 2 studies: 4 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Observational study	No results	No results	No results	5
Stress hormonesEndocrine and hormones	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 2 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	2
Bone and jointMusculoskeletal	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	2
Growth hormone and IGF-1Endocrine and hormones	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 decrease. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 increase. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	2
LipidsMetabolic and weight	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	1
Thyroid functionEndocrine and hormones	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	1
Receptor activity and mechanismWhole body	No results	Animal: 19 results from 8 studies: 3 increase, 7 decrease, 6 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 16 results from 11 studies: 8 decrease, 5 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	35
Tumor growthCancer	No results	Animal: 2 results from 2 studies: 1 increase, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 5 results from 2 studies: 2 decrease, 3 mixed. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	7
PharmacokineticsPharmacology	No results	No results	Lab: 6 results from 2 studies: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change, 4 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cell-free)	No results	6
Antiviral activityInfection	No results	No results	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 2 decrease. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	2
Kidney functionKidney and urinary	No results	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	1

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Sex hormones and fertilityReproductive and sexual health	Human: 32 results from 7 studies: 24 increase, 1 decrease, 6 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 40 results from 12 studies: 6 increase, 16 decrease, 16 no significant change, 1 mixed, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 17 results from 5 studies: 4 increase, 8 decrease, 5 no significant change. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	89
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 5 results from 2 studies: 4 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Observational study	No results	No results	No results	5
Stress hormonesEndocrine and hormones	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 2 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	2
Bone and jointMusculoskeletal	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	2
Growth hormone and IGF-1Endocrine and hormones	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 decrease. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 increase. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	2
LipidsMetabolic and weight	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	1
Thyroid functionEndocrine and hormones	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	1
Receptor activity and mechanismWhole body	No results	Animal: 19 results from 8 studies: 3 increase, 7 decrease, 6 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 16 results from 11 studies: 8 decrease, 5 no significant change, 3 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	35
Tumor growthCancer	No results	Animal: 2 results from 2 studies: 1 increase, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 5 results from 2 studies: 2 decrease, 3 mixed. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	7
PharmacokineticsPharmacology	No results	No results	Lab: 6 results from 2 studies: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change, 4 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cell-free)	No results	6
Antiviral activityInfection	No results	No results	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 2 decrease. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	2
Kidney functionKidney and urinary	No results	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	1