LL-37 / Studies

Natural fragment · 37 amino acids · 4,493.3 Da

LL-37 studies and research data

PepBank has 147 LL-37 studies with results. 49 of them gave LL-37, with 190 results, grouped by what the studies measured. In each group, results from studies in people come first. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Searches 190 results and 3,173 papers. Newer studies from Europe PMC

Results in people

13% of 190 results

Results in animals

24% of 190 results

Results in lab cells

121

64% of 190 results

From computer models

0% of 190 results

The molecule

LL-37 identity

Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.

LL-37 is the 37-residue C-terminal peptide of the human cathelicidin precursor hCAP18 (UniProt P49913, residues 134-170). UniProt states that proteinase 3 cleaves the precursor to release LL-37, and that LL-37 binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide and permeabilises membranes in vitro. It also chemoattracts human leukocytes through the formyl peptide receptor FPR2 (FPRL1). As ropocamptide (INN), a topical form reached a phase IIb trial in venous leg ulcers; the 2021 report found no significant benefit in the full study population.

Kind: Natural fragment · 37 residues
Identifiers: UniProtP49913 (opens in a new tab)ChEMBLCHEMBL530345 (opens in a new tab)PubChem CID16198951 (opens in a new tab)UNII3DD771JO2H (opens in a new tab)DrugBankDB16532 (opens in a new tab)CAS154947-66-7PDB2K6O (opens in a new tab)5NMN (opens in a new tab)5NNK (opens in a new tab)5NNM (opens in a new tab)+3
Parent: Fragment of Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide precursor (hCAP18) · residues 134-170UniProt PEPTIDE feature PRO_0000004724 'Antibacterial peptide LL-37' at 134-170; UniProt PTM note: proteolytically cleaved by proteinase PRTN3 into LL-37.
Development: Phase 2Promore Pharma AB (ropocamptide, topical, venous leg ulcers)First-in-human randomized placebo-controlled trial in 34 patients with venous leg ulcers (Gronberg et al. 2014). Phase IIb HEAL LL-37 trial in 148 patients (Mahlapuu et al. 2021; Promore Pharma AB among author affiliations): no significant healing benefit versus placebo in the full population; a post hoc subgroup with large wounds showed improvement. Other registered trials: NCT02225366 (intratumoral LL37 in melanoma, phase 1/2, completed, M.D. Anderson) and NCT04098562 (LL-37 cream, diabetic foot ulcer, phase 2, status unknown). ChEMBL max_phase is null. Source (opens in a new tab)

Targets

Molecular targets with action and evidence source
Target	Action	Evidence
N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPRL1)FPR2P25090 (opens in a new tab)	Agonist (chemotaxis, ca2+ mobilisation)	primary literature (human monocytes, neutrophils, T cells and FPRL1-transfected HEK293 cells, 2000)Source (opens in a new tab)

Sequence and structure

Residues, differences from the parent, calculated properties and 3D structure. Source values and calculated values are shown separately.

Sequence

37 amino acids

H-

LLGDFFRKSK

EKIGKEFKRI

VQRIKDFLRN

LVPRTES

-OH

Alignment to Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide precursor (hCAP18)

Calculated from the two sequences. Curated notes are shown as given.

37 of 37 aligned residues identical (100%) · Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide precursor (hCAP18) 134–170

Top row: Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide precursor (hCAP18) (parent)
Bottom row: LL-37

LLGDFF

RKSKEKIGKE

FKRIVQRIKD

FLRNLVPRTE

Same as parent
Substituted
Non-canonical or D-form
Added
Gap
Modified side chain or end
Parent context

No differences in the aligned region.

Basis: UniProt PEPTIDE feature PRO_0000004724 'Antibacterial peptide LL-37' at 134-170; UniProt PTM note: proteolytically cleaved by proteinase PRTN3 into LL-37.

Calculated from the two sequences with @pepdb/chem alignToParent (ungapped unless a gap scores higher). The record’s curated notes are shown as given.

Properties

From identity sources

Formula: C₂₀₅H₃₄₀N₆₀O₅₃
Molecular weight: 4,493.3 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass: 4,490.5754 Da

UniProt P49913 (PRO_0000004724)(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
GSRS UNII 3DD771JO2H(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
GSRS UNII 4HGQ0GC0N6(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
GSRS UNII R2ER3MD9AJ(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
PubChem CID 16198951(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
ChEMBL CHEMBL530345(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
ChEMBL CHEMBL2426408(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08

Calculated from the sequence

pKa set

Average mass: 4,493.32 Da; Sum of ExPASy residue masses + water · ExPASy Compute pI/Mw; FindMod
Monoisotopic mass: 4,490.5753 Da; Sum of ExPASy residue masses + water · ExPASy FindMod
Isoelectric point (pI): 11.35; pH of zero net charge, EMBOSS pKa set · EMBOSS iep, Epk.dat
Net charge at pH 7.4: 5.94; Henderson-Hasselbalch, EMBOSS pKa set · EMBOSS iep, Epk.dat
GRAVY (hydropathy): −0.724; Mean Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy · Kyte and Doolittle 1982; Negative: hydrophilic on average.
Extinction coefficient, 280 nm (Cys reduced): 0 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹; 5500 x Trp + 1490 x Tyr · Pace et al. 1995 (ExPASy ProtParam); No Trp or Tyr: absorbance at 280 nm cannot measure this peptide.
Instability index: 23.34; Dipeptide instability weights (DIWV) · Guruprasad et al. 1990; 40 or below: classed as stable (ExPASy).
Aliphatic index: 89.5; Mole % A + 2.9 V + 3.9 (I + L) · Ikai 1980
Boman index: 3.00 kcal/mol; Mean solubility value (negated) · Boman 2003; Above 2.48: high protein-binding potential (Boman).
Hydrophobic moment (μH): 0.966; Eisenberg scale, 100° per residue, best 11-residue window · Eisenberg et al. 1982, 1984
pI with each pKa set: EMBOSS 11.35Bjellqvist (ExPASy) 10.61IPC peptide 11.13IPC protein 9.81

Defined and validated for proteins; use with care for short peptides.
Assumes an ideal alpha helix. Many short peptides are not helical.

@pepdb/chem 0.2.0 · EMBOSS pKa set · ExPASy residue masses

Net charge by pH

pI 11.35 · Net charge at pH 7.4: 5.94

Point or use arrow keys

Henderson-Hasselbalch, EMBOSS pKa set. Calculated, not measured.

Show as table

pH	Net charge
0	12.00
1	11.99
2	11.93
3	11.35
4	8.84
5	6.52
6	6.05
7	5.98
8	5.79
9	5.19
10	4.20
11	1.17
12	−1.84
13	−4.76
14	−5.84

Composition

Hydrophobic24% (9)I L V
Aromatic11% (4)F
Positive30% (11)K R
Negative14% (5)D E
Polar14% (5)N Q S T
Special8% (3)G P

37 residues. Each residue counts in one class; F and W count as aromatic.

A Ala0 · 0%

I Ile3 · 8%

L Leu4 · 11%

M Met0 · 0%

V Val2 · 5%

F Phe4 · 11%

W Trp0 · 0%

Y Tyr0 · 0%

H His0 · 0%

K Lys6 · 16%

R Arg5 · 14%

D Asp2 · 5%

E Glu3 · 8%

N Asn1 · 3%

Q Gln1 · 3%

S Ser2 · 5%

T Thr1 · 3%

C Cys0 · 0%

G Gly2 · 5%

P Pro1 · 3%

3D structure

ExperimentalPDB 2K6O

Loads the 3D viewer (3Dmol.js, about 150 KB) and the model file from RCSB PDB.

2D structure

LL-37 has 37 residues. A full-atom drawing is hard to read at this size; the sequence view is the reference.

SMILES fromPubChem CID 16198951(opens in a new tab)

CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N3CCC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=CC=C4)NC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N

Helical wheel

An ideal alpha-helix projection. It shows where the hydrophobic residues fall if the peptide folds as a helix. It does not show that it does.

μH, residues shown: 0.559
μH, best 11-residue window: 0.966
Arrow direction: 139°
Residues: 37 · 3 rings of 18

HydrophilicHydrophobic

Eisenberg consensus (normalized) scale · + K, R · − D, E

Assumes an ideal α-helix: 100° per residue, 3.6 residues per turn. The arrow is the mean hydrophobic moment (Eisenberg et al. 1984) and points at the hydrophobic face.

Show as table

Position	Residue	Angle	Eisenberg consensus (normalized)
1	L	0°	1.06
2	L	100°	1.06
3	G	200°	0.48
4	D	300°	-0.90
5	F	40°	1.19
6	F	140°	1.19
7	R	240°	-2.53
8	K	340°	-1.50
9	S	80°	-0.18
10	K	180°	-1.50
11	E	280°	-0.74
12	K	20°	-1.50
13	I	120°	1.38
14	G	220°	0.48
15	K	320°	-1.50
16	E	60°	-0.74
17	F	160°	1.19
18	K	260°	-1.50
19	R	0°	-2.53
20	I	100°	1.38
21	V	200°	1.08
22	Q	300°	-0.85
23	R	40°	-2.53
24	I	140°	1.38
25	K	240°	-1.50
26	D	340°	-0.90
27	F	80°	1.19
28	L	180°	1.06
29	R	280°	-2.53
30	N	20°	-0.78
31	L	120°	1.06
32	V	220°	1.08
33	P	320°	0.12
34	R	60°	-2.53
35	T	160°	-0.05
36	E	260°	-0.74
37	S	0°	-0.18

Results by area

LL-37 results by year and outcome

Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Studies by year

147 of 3,173 studies have results (4.6%), published 2001 to 2026. Top row: every study. Bottom row: studies with results about LL-37, by class. The rows use different scales.

Studies
Human
Animal
Lab
Computer model
Natural levels, tool or combination only

Studies3,173 in all, 1996 to 2026

Studies with results147 in all, 2001 to 2026

Retracted studies are left out. A study with results in two classes counts in both.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

What the studies measured

People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

LL-37 studies on skin, hair and wounds

19 results · people 10 · animals 3 · lab 6

Top 5 of 19 results

In people with hard-to-heal leg ulcers, LL‑37 applied topically did not improve healing more than placebo overall.Wound repair and regeneration, 2021
In mice, long-term LL‑37 treatment caused new blood vessel growth in the skin, like rosacea.Animal models and experimental medicine, 2025
In adults with hard-to-heal leg ulcers, LL‑37 at 0.5 mg/mL made ulcers heal about six times faster than placebo.Wound repair and regeneration, 2014
In mice, long-term LL‑37 treatment caused thicker skin, like rosacea.Animal models and experimental medicine, 2025
In people with diabetic foot ulcers, LL‑37 cream improved granulation tissue formation more than placebo cream.Archives of dermatological research, 2023

LL-37 studies on side effects

9 results · people 7 · animals 1 · lab 1

Top 5 of 9 results

In one woman with melanoma, new skin growths and a blister appeared about 45 days after starting LL‑37 injections.Journal of cutaneous pathology, 2018
In hospitalized adults with COVID-19, no severe side effects were seen with oral LL‑37 during the hospital stay and follow-up.Journal of medical virology, 2023
In one woman with melanoma given LL‑37, most skin biopsies showed inflammation and abnormal skin cell growth.Journal of cutaneous pathology, 2018
In people with hard-to-heal leg ulcers, topical LL‑37 was reported as well tolerated at both strengths.Wound repair and regeneration, 2021
In one woman with melanoma given LL‑37, most skin lesions did not show a certain fluid swelling pattern.Journal of cutaneous pathology, 2018

LL-37 studies on infections

44 results · people 4 · animals 7 · lab 33

Top 5 of 44 results

In adults hospitalized with Omicron COVID-19, oral LL‑37 given early shortened the time to a negative virus test versus placebo.Journal of medical virology, 2023
In people with mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers, LL‑37 cream did not clearly reduce bacteria counts compared with placebo cream.Archives of dermatological research, 2023
In lab tests, LL‑37 broke open a lot of human red blood cells collected in EDTA.Journal of immunological methods, 2024
In adults hospitalized with COVID-19, oral LL‑37 started within 6 days was linked to a faster return to a negative virus test than placebo.Journal of medical virology, 2023
In rabbits with infected bone implants, LL‑37 reduced S. aureus more than cefalexin or saline did.Orthopaedic surgery, 2020

LL-37 studies on immune system and inflammation

80 results · people 2 · animals 23 · lab 55

Top 5 of 80 results

In people with diabetic foot ulcers, LL‑37 cream did not lower the inflammation marker IL-1α in wound fluid.Archives of dermatological research, 2023
In rats with sepsis, LL‑37 led to lower blood endotoxin than conventional antibiotics did.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2006
In infected rabbits, IL-6 was lower with LL‑37 than with cefalexin or saline from day 1.Orthopaedic surgery, 2020
In mice, short-term LL‑37 treatment mainly disturbed the innate immune response.Animal models and experimental medicine, 2025
In mice, LL‑37 placed in the bladder was followed by mast cells moving into all layers of the bladder wall.The Journal of urology, 2013

LL-37 studies on cancer

3 results · people 1 · animals 0 · lab 2

3 results

In one woman with melanoma, injected skin lesions shrank during 8 weekly LL‑37 injections.Journal of cutaneous pathology, 2018
In cells, LL‑37 made breast cancer cells move more.Breast cancer research, 2009
In cells, LL‑37 changed the shape of breast cancer cell colonies in a way that suggests a higher chance of spread.Breast cancer research, 2009

LL-37 studies on survival and serious illness

9 results · people 0 · animals 9 · lab 0

Top 5 of 9 results

In rats with sepsis, LL‑37 given into a vein lowered deaths compared with saline.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2006
In mice with endotoxin shock, normal LL‑37 prevented illness.Journal of immunology, 2014
In young rats with sepsis, lower doses of LL‑37 given with LPS reduced deaths compared with LPS alone.Pediatric surgery international, 2005
In mice with endotoxin shock, normal LL‑37 prevented death.Journal of immunology, 2014
In young rats with sepsis, lower doses of LL‑37 given later reduced deaths compared with LPS alone.Pediatric surgery international, 2005

LL-37 studies on receptors and cell signals

19 results · people 0 · animals 2 · lab 17

Top 5 of 19 results

In mice, LL‑37 placed in the bladder bound across the whole bladder lining right away.The Journal of urology, 2013
In cells, LL‑37 quickly raised the activity of the EGR1 gene.Stem cell research & therapy, 2016
In lab tests, citrullination of LL‑37 sharply lowered how well it binds bacterial endotoxin.Journal of immunology, 2014
In cells, a protein released by mast cells quickly cut LL‑37 into pieces.Journal of immunology, 2009
In cells, hCAP18/LL‑37 boosted a growth signal in breast cancer cells.Breast cancer research, 2009

LL-37 studies on bones and joints

5 results · people 0 · animals 0 · lab 5

Top 3 of 5 results

In cells, LL‑37 did not change alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of cell maturation.Journal of periodontal research, 2012
In cells, a high dose of LL‑37 strongly reduced the number of cells.Journal of periodontal research, 2012
In cells, a high dose of LL‑37 cut DNA synthesis by about 90%, which slows cell growth.Journal of periodontal research, 2012

LL-37 studies on cells, genes and aging

2 results · people 0 · animals 0 · lab 2

2 results

In cells, LL‑37 reduced inflammation by building more mitochondria and keeping them working.The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 2014
In cells, the mTOR blocker rapamycin cancelled the protective effect of LL‑37 on mitochondria.The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 2014

Trials and papers

LL-37 trials

Registered trials that test the peptide, with phase, status and dates. A dot marks trials with posted results.

StatusPhase

2 trials match. Highest phase first. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

Trials on this page (2 of 2)

2 trials · 1 completed · 1 with posted results

Completed
Ongoing
Not yet recruiting
Stopped
Estimated dates (est.)
Results posted

2015201620172018201920202021

Ph 1/2
Intratumoral Injections of LL37 for Melanoma
NCT02225366
8 Jul 2015 to 24 Nov 2020
Ph 2
Efficacy of LL-37 Cream on Bacteria Colonization, Inflammation Response and Healing Rate of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
NCT04098562
est. Oct 2019 to est. Jan 2020

2 trials · 1 completed · 1 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 1/2Results postedNCT02225366

Intratumoral Injections of LL37 for Melanoma

M.D. Anderson Cancer Centern = 48 Jul 2015 to 24 Nov 2020

Melanoma

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 9 Dec 2021

Status unknownPhase 2NCT04098562

Efficacy of LL-37 Cream on Bacteria Colonization, Inflammation Response and Healing Rate of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesian = 40est. Oct 2019 to est. Jan 2020

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 25 Sept 2019

17 more mention it but do not test it. They are not trials of LL-37: they only measure it (a blood level or an eligibility term) or name it in their text.

Papers

Studies on this peptide. Some have results. The others have none yet.

Sort

Design

3,173 studies match. Retracted studies are left out.

Showing 25 of 3,173 studiesquery qry_543a3a8b706bc961e12f566e

Studies with results

147 studies in all, 2 on this page

Measured the body's own LL-37 · 2002

6 results

Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis.

Ong et al. 2002The New England journal of medicinecited by 1,359

PMID 12374875DOI 10.1056/nejmoa021481PUB-12374875

Full text at the publisher5 results on the body's own LL-37. Nobody was given LL-37.

Publisher page See results (6)

In vitro (cells) · staphylococcus aureus · 2017

1 result

Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis.

Nakatsuji et al. 2017Science translational medicinecited by 856

PMID 28228596PMC5600545DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4680PUB-28228596

Rights unknown1 result where LL-37 was given

Source link See results (1)

More studies

3,009 studies in all, 23 on this page

PubMed tag: none · 2007

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide.

Lande et al. 2007Naturecited by 1,404

PMID 17873860DOI 10.1038/nature06116PUB-17873860

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: none · 2011

Netting neutrophils are major inducers of type I IFN production in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus.

Garcia-Romo et al. 2011Science translational medicinecited by 1,088

PMID 21389264PMC3143837DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001201PUB-21389264

Rights unknown

Source link

PubMed tag: none · 2011

Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Villanueva et al. 2011Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)cited by 1,026

PMID 21613614PMC3119769DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.1100450PUB-21613614

Rights unknown

Source link

Indexing hint: In vitro study · 2000

LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells.

Yang et al. 2000The Journal of experimental medicinecited by 893

PMID 11015447PMC2193321DOI 10.1084/jem.192.7.1069PUB-11015447

Free to read · publisher termsCC BY-NC

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Indexing hint: Animal study · 2001

Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection.

Nizet et al. 2001Naturecited by 874

PMID 11719807DOI 10.1038/35106587PUB-11719807

Full text at the publisher

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PubMed tag: none · 2010

The Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide.

Soscia et al. 2010PloS onecited by 853

PMID 20209079PMC2831066DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009505PUB-20209079

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PubMed tag: Review · 2003

Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts.

Boman et al. 2003Journal of internal medicinecited by 778

PMID 12930229DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01228.xPUB-12930229

Full text at the publisher

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PubMed tag: Review · 2006

LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides.

Dürr et al. 2006Biochimica et biophysica actacited by 763

PMID 16716248DOI 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.030PUB-16716248

Full text at the publisher

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PubMed tag: Review · 2004

Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity.

Zanetti et al. 2004Journal of leukocyte biologycited by 713

PMID 12960280DOI 10.1189/jlb.0403147PUB-12960280

Full text at the publisher

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Indexing hint: Animal study · 2009

APD2: the updated antimicrobial peptide database and its application in peptide design.

Wang et al. 2009Nucleic acids researchcited by 638

PMID 18957441PMC2686604DOI 10.1093/nar/gkn823PUB-18957441

Free to read · publisher termsCC BY-NC

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PubMed tag: none · 2010

Antibacterial effect of human mesenchymal stem cells is mediated in part from secretion of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.

Krasnodembskaya et al. 2010Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)cited by 628

PMID 20945332PMC3293245DOI 10.1002/stem.544PUB-20945332

Rights unknown

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Indexing hint: In vitro study · 2003

An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18.

Koczulla et al. 2003The Journal of clinical investigationcited by 627

PMID 12782669PMC156109DOI 10.1172/jci17545PUB-12782669

Rights unknown

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PubMed tag: none · 2001

Human cathelicidin, hCAP-18, is processed to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by extracellular cleavage with proteinase 3.

Sørensen et al. 2001Bloodcited by 623

PMID 11389039DOI 10.1182/blood.v97.12.3951PUB-11389039

Rights unknown

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Indexing hint: In vitro study · 2009

Vitamin D3 induces autophagy in human monocytes/macrophages via cathelicidin.

Yuk et al. 2009Cell host & microbecited by 591

PMID 19748465DOI 10.1016/j.chom.2009.08.004PUB-19748465

Rights unknown

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PubMed tag: none · 2009

Self-RNA-antimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8.

Ganguly et al. 2009The Journal of experimental medicinecited by 589

PMID 19703986PMC2737167DOI 10.1084/jem.20090480PUB-19703986

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PubMed tag: none · 1998

Activities of LL-37, a cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptide of human neutrophils.

Turner et al. 1998Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapycited by 588

PMID 9736536PMC105778DOI 10.1128/aac.42.9.2206PUB-09736536

Rights unknown

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PubMed tag: none · 1997

The expression of the gene coding for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 is induced in human keratinocytes during inflammatory disorders.

Frohm et al. 1997The Journal of biological chemistrycited by 566

PMID 9182550DOI 10.1074/jbc.272.24.15258PUB-09182550

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PubMed tag: review-article, Review · 2017

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Its Implications in Inflammation: An Overview.

Delgado-Rizo et al. 2017Frontiers in immunologycited by 550

PMID 28220120PMC5292617DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00081PUB-28220120

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PubMed tag: none · 2008

Human host defense peptide LL-37 prevents bacterial biofilm formation.

Overhage et al. 2008Infection and immunitycited by 526

PMID 18591225PMC2519444DOI 10.1128/iai.00318-08PUB-18591225

Rights unknown

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Indexing hint: In vitro study · 2000

The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte populations.

Agerberth et al. 2000Bloodcited by 513

PMID 11049988DOI 10.1182/blood.v96.9.3086PUB-11049988

Full text at the publisher

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Indexing hint: In vitro study · 2002

The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a multifunctional modulator of innate immune responses.

Scott et al. 2002Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)cited by 511

PMID 12244186DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3883PUB-12244186

Full text at the publisher

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PubMed tag: none · 1998

The peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18 is expressed in epithelia of the human lung where it has broad antimicrobial activity at the airway surface.

Bals et al. 1998Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americacited by 508

PMID 9689116PMC21374DOI 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9541PUB-09689116

Rights unknown

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PubMed tag: none · 1998

Conformation-dependent antibacterial activity of the naturally occurring human peptide LL-37.

Johansson et al. 1998The Journal of biological chemistrycited by 481

PMID 9452503DOI 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3718PUB-09452503

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Newer studies

PepBank reads each paper before it shows the results. This search looks in Europe PMC for newer papers that PepBank has not read yet.

LL-37 studies: 147 papers with results

Page 1 of 3

Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trial.
Zhao Y · Journal of medical virology · 2023
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Mahlapuu M · Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2021
Randomized controlled trial · 3 results
Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Grönberg A · Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2014
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.
Miranda E · Archives of dermatological research · 2023
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Dermatologic toxicity from novel therapy using antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in melanoma: A detailed examination of the clinicopathologic features.
Dolkar T · Journal of cutaneous pathology · 2018
Case report or series · 5 results
Comparison of Antibacterial Effect of Cationic Peptide LL-37 and Cefalexin on Clinical Staphylococcus aureus-induced Infection after Femur Fracture Fixation.
Yan CY · Orthopaedic surgery · 2020
Animal study (in vivo) · rabbit · 8 results
LL-37 protects rats against lethal sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria.
Cirioni O · Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2006
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 6 results
Citrullination alters immunomodulatory function of LL-37 essential for prevention of endotoxin-induced sepsis.
Koziel J · Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 11 results
Effect of antibacterial cathelicidin peptide CAP18/LL-37 on sepsis in neonatal rats.
Fukumoto K · Pediatric surgery international · 2005
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 12 results
Physiological relevance of LL-37 induced bladder inflammation and mast cells.
Oottamasathien S · The Journal of urology · 2013
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 6 results
Antibody fusions reduce onset of experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves.
Imboden M · Veterinary parasitology · 2012
Animal study (in vivo) · calf (bovine) · 3 results
Comparative analysis of short-term and long-term LL-37-induced rosacea-like mouse models: Histopathological features and inflammatory immune responses.
Wu Y · Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 5 results
LL-37 promotes neutrophil extracellular trap formation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
Cao Y · Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2019
Ex vivo tissue · 6 results
Human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein 18 (hCAP18/LL-37) is increased in foetal membranes and myometrium after spontaneous labour and delivery.
Lim R · Journal of reproductive immunology · 2015
Ex vivo tissue · 10 results
Development of a defibrinated human blood hemolysis assay for rapid testing of hemolytic activity compared to computational prediction.
Carpenter AM · Journal of immunological methods · 2024
Ex vivo tissue · 2 results
Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis.
Nakatsuji T · Science translational medicine · 2017
In vitro (cells) · staphylococcus aureus · 1 result
Immunomodulatory activities of small host defense peptides.
Bowdish DM · Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2005
In vitro (cells) · 4 results
The human beta-defensins (-1, -2, -3, -4) and cathelicidin LL-37 induce IL-18 secretion through p38 and ERK MAPK activation in primary human keratinocytes.
Niyonsaba F · Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2005
In vitro (cells) · 10 results
Cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance in Neisseria meningitidis.
Tzeng YL · Journal of bacteriology · 2005
In vitro (cells) · neisseria meningitidis · 2 results
β-Amyloid peptides display protective activity against the human Alzheimer's disease-associated herpes simplex virus-1.
Bourgade K · Biogerontology · 2015
In vitro (cells) · 1 result
Human cathelicidin LL-37 is a chemoattractant for eosinophils and neutrophils that acts via formyl-peptide receptors.
Tjabringa GS · International archives of allergy and immunology · 2006
In vitro (cells) · 4 results
Expression and activity of beta-defensins and LL-37 in the developing human lung.
Starner TD · Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2005
In vitro (cells) · bacteria · 3 results
Bovine and human cathelicidin cationic host defense peptides similarly suppress transcriptional responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
Mookherjee N · Journal of leukocyte biology · 2006
In vitro (cells) · 6 results
Antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of cathelicidin peptides against pathogens isolated from cystic fibrosis patients.
Pompilio A · Peptides · 2011
In vitro (cells) · s. aureus, p. aeruginosa and s. maltophilia · 1 result
Human antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL-37 promotes a metastatic phenotype in breast cancer.
Weber G · Breast cancer research : BCR · 2009
In vitro (cells) · 10 results
Real-time attack of LL-37 on single Bacillus subtilis cells.
Barns KJ · Biochimica et biophysica acta · 2013
In vitro (cells) · bacillus subtilis · 7 results
Cationic antimicrobial peptides promote microbial mutagenesis and pathoadaptation in chronic infections.
Limoli DH · PLoS pathogens · 2014
In vitro (cells) · pseudomonas aeruginosa and escherichia coli · 5 results
LL-37 stimulates the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells via early growth response 1 and the MAPK pathway.
Yang Y · Stem cell research & therapy · 2016
In vitro (cells) · 12 results
Increased resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
Ouhara K · The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2008
In vitro (cells) · staphylococcus aureus · 2 results
Action of Antimicrobial Peptides on Bacterial and Lipid Membranes: A Direct Comparison.
Faust JE · Biophysical journal · 2017
In vitro (cells) · escherichia coli · 4 results
Comparative in vitro activity of five cathelicidin-derived synthetic peptides against Leptospira, Borrelia and Treponema pallidum.
Sambri V · The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2002
In vitro (cells) · 5 results
Streptococcus mutans strains recovered from caries-active or caries-free individuals differ in sensitivity to host antimicrobial peptides.
Phattarataratip E · Molecular oral microbiology · 2011
In vitro (cells) · streptococcus mutans · 3 results
Bactericidal activities of the cationic steroid CSA-13 and the cathelicidin peptide LL-37 against Helicobacter pylori in simulated gastric juice.
Leszczyńska K · BMC microbiology · 2009
In vitro (cells) · helicobacter pylori · 4 results
Comparison of Anti-Viral Activity of Frog Skin Anti-Microbial Peptides Temporin-Sha and [K³]SHa to LL-37 and Temporin-Tb against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1.
Roy M · Viruses · 2019
In vitro (cells) · 3 results
The cathelicidin LL-37 activates human mast cells and is degraded by mast cell tryptase: counter-regulation by CXCL4.
Schiemann F · Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2009
In vitro (cells) · 6 results
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is anti-inflammatory and proapoptotic in human periodontal ligament cells.
Jönsson D · Journal of periodontal research · 2012
In vitro (cells) · 7 results
Human β defensin-3 induces chemokines from monocytes and macrophages: diminished activity in cells from HIV-infected persons.
Petrov V · Immunology · 2013
In vitro (cells) · 2 results
Antibiotic-induced Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS release and inhibition of LPS-stimulated cytokines by antimicrobial peptides.
Walters SM · Peptides · 2010
In vitro (cells) · 4 results
Specificity of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 to neutralize periodontopathogenic lipopolysaccharide activity in human oral fibroblasts.
Suphasiriroj W · Journal of periodontology · 2013
In vitro (cells) · 4 results
Oxygen deprivation affects the antimicrobial action of LL-37 as determined by microplate real-time kinetic measurements under anaerobic conditions.
Eini A · Anaerobe · 2013
In vitro (cells) · escherichia coli and streptococcus pyogenes · 2 results
Favorable interleukin-8 induction in human gingival epithelial cells by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.
Montreekachon P · Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology · 2014
In vitro (cells) · 6 results
Comparative efficacy analysis of anti-microbial peptides, LL-37 and indolicidin upon conjugation with CNT, in human monocytes.
Pradhan B · Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2017
In vitro (cells) · 3 results
Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate S100A9 expression by sponging miR-196a-5p in rosacea.
Wang L · Journal of dermatological science · 2021
In vitro (cells) · 3 results
LL-37 attenuates inflammatory impairment via mTOR signaling-dependent mitochondrial protection.
Sun W · The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology · 2014
In vitro (cells) · 9 results
The role of the Src family kinase Lyn in the immunomodulatory activities of cathelicidin peptide LL-37 on monocytic cells.
Nijnik A · Journal of leukocyte biology · 2012
In vitro (cells) · 6 results
A comparative study on the interactions of SMAP-29 with lipid monolayers.
Neville F · Biochimica et biophysica acta · 2010
In vitro (cell-free) · 2 results
A Spectroscopic Study of the Aggregation State of the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in Bacterial versus Host Cell Model Membranes.
Bonucci A · Biochemistry · 2015
In vitro (cell-free) · 2 results
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Show Differential Infectivity and Use Phospholipids to Antagonize LL-37.
Honda JR · American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2020
In vitro (cell-free) · 1 result
LL-37-ApoB-100 Complex Serves as a Biomarker of Coronary Artery Disease.
Fang Y · Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026
In vitro (cell-free) · 8 results
Plasma levels of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 as a biomarker of sleep quality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A clinical observational study.
Yamaguchi T · PloS one · 2026
Measured the body's own LL-37 · 11 results

Status and safety

Regulatory and safety

Approval and sport status, and the safety outcomes reported in study results. Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction, with date and source
Jurisdiction	Body	Status	As of	Source
US	FDA	No Drugs@FDA record found (openFDA searches for ropocamptide and cathelicidin returned no matches on 2026-10-08).	8 Oct 2026	fda.gov (opens in a new tab)
EU	EMA	No centrally authorised medicine and no orphan designation for this substance in the EMA data files (medicines and orphan designations, timestamp 2026-10-08). National authorisations were not checked.	8 Oct 2026	ema.europa.eu (opens in a new tab)
Sport	WADA	Banned in sport (WADA S0) S0 covers substances not approved for human use; LL-37 is not named on the List.	2026 List	wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab)

Safety outcomes

11 safety results for LL-37.

Human evidence· 7

In 238 adult inpatients with Omicron BA.5.1.3 COVID-19, no severe adverse events were observed with oral LL‑37 during hospitalization and follow-up.
Randomized controlled trialn = 238
In 148 patients with hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers, topical LL‑37 at 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL was reported as well tolerated and safe.
Randomized controlled trialn = 148
In adults with hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers, topical LL‑37 raised no safety concerns for local or systemic adverse events.
Randomized controlled trialn = 34
In a woman with melanoma, multiple verrucous papules and a vesiculo-bullous lesion appeared on the trunk and extremities about 45 days after LL‑37 therapy began.
Case report or seriesn = 1
In a woman with melanoma given LL‑37, 11 of 12 skin biopsies showed a lichenoid inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils and an atypical verrucous squamous epithelial proliferation.
Case report or seriesn = 1
Biopsies with similar features
11 of 12
skin biopsies
In a woman with melanoma given LL‑37, a majority of lesions did not show spongiosis (11/12).
Case report or seriesn = 1
In a woman with melanoma, all skin lesions resolved within 2 months of stopping LL‑37 injections.
Case report or seriesn = 1

Animal evidence· 2

In mice, administration of citrullinated LL‑37 plus endotoxin exacerbated sepsis because the peptide could not neutralize LPS.
Animal study (in vivo)mouse
In mice, citrullinated LL‑37 plus endotoxin increased systemic inflammation, shown by increased serum IL-6 levels.
Animal study (in vivo)mouse

Lab evidence· 2

At sub-inhibitory concentrations, LL‑37 promoted rifampin resistance in both P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
In vitro (cells)Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Escherichia coli
In human gingival epithelial cells, LL‑37 at 2-6 μM was non-toxic in the MTT cytotoxicity assay.
In vitro (cells)human
Non-toxic LL-37 dose range
2 to 6 μM
HGECs

Doses studied · 15

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

0.5 or 1.6 mg/mLHuman
Species
human
Route
topical
Duration
Not reported
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 148
0.5, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/mLHuman
Species
human
Route
topical
Duration
4 weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 34
0.5 mg/mLHuman
Species
human
Route
topical
Duration
4 weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial
1.6 mg/mLHuman
Species
human
Route
topical
Duration
4 weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial
3.2 mg/mLHuman
Species
human
Route
topical
Duration
4 weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial
1 mg/kgAnimal
Species
rat
Route
intravenous
Duration
Not reported
Design
Animal study (in vivo)

Doses studied in the study results, as given in the studies.
Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design
0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL	Human	human	topical	Not reported	Randomized controlled trial · n = 148
0.5, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/mL	Human	human	topical	4 weeks	Randomized controlled trial · n = 34
0.5 mg/mL	Human	human	topical	4 weeks	Randomized controlled trial
1.6 mg/mL	Human	human	topical	4 weeks	Randomized controlled trial
3.2 mg/mL	Human	human	topical	4 weeks	Randomized controlled trial
1 mg/kg	Animal	rat	intravenous	Not reported	Animal study (in vivo)

6 of 15 shown

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Data

Data and API

Data version, change history and code for this peptide.

Data version 30856030 Oct 2026

Peptide

Peptide id: PEP-000006
Peptide version: 8
Peptide hash: 19eed849a7aada4f…
Data version: 308560

Latest changes

27 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 256721
22 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 254543
21 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 213637
14 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 194706
13 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 173550
12 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 165125

For developers

curl -s https://pepbank.io/v1/briefs/ll-37

Evidence summary for LL-37: counts by class, key results with sources, notices, data version.

Peptide as JSON Evidence summary as JSON

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Wound healingSkin and wound	Human: 10 results from 3 studies: 3 increase, 4 decrease, 3 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	Lab: 6 results from 1 study: 6 increase. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	16
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 7 results from 4 studies: 1 increase, 1 decrease, 1 no significant change, 4 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	9
Antiviral activityInfection	Human: 3 results from 1 study: 2 increase, 1 decrease. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	Lab: 3 results from 2 studies: 1 increase, 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	6
Inflammation markersSkin and wound	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 2 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 19 results from 5 studies: 2 increase, 10 decrease, 5 no significant change, 2 mixed. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 40 results from 10 studies: 15 increase, 18 decrease, 4 no significant change, 1 mixed, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	61
Infection and antimicrobial activityPharmacology	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 7 results from 3 studies: 5 decrease, 1 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 30 results from 15 studies: 11 increase, 6 decrease, 2 no significant change, 11 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	38
Tumor growthCancer	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 decrease. Strongest design: Case report or series	No results	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 1 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	3
Immune responseRespiratory	No results	Animal: 4 results from 2 studies: 4 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 15 results from 7 studies: 7 increase, 3 decrease, 3 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	19
Receptor activity and mechanismSkin and wound	No results	Animal: 2 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 1 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 17 results from 11 studies: 8 increase, 1 decrease, 8 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	19
MortalityWhole body	No results	Animal: 9 results from 3 studies: 1 increase, 6 decrease, 2 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	9
Bone and jointMusculoskeletal	No results	No results	Lab: 5 results from 1 study: 2 increase, 2 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	5
Skin and hairSkin and wound	No results	Animal: 3 results from 1 study: 3 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	3
Mitochondrial functionSkin and wound	No results	No results	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	2

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Wound healingSkin and wound	Human: 10 results from 3 studies: 3 increase, 4 decrease, 3 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	Lab: 6 results from 1 study: 6 increase. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	16
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 7 results from 4 studies: 1 increase, 1 decrease, 1 no significant change, 4 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	9
Antiviral activityInfection	Human: 3 results from 1 study: 2 increase, 1 decrease. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	Lab: 3 results from 2 studies: 1 increase, 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	6
Inflammation markersSkin and wound	Human: 2 results from 1 study: 2 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 19 results from 5 studies: 2 increase, 10 decrease, 5 no significant change, 2 mixed. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 40 results from 10 studies: 15 increase, 18 decrease, 4 no significant change, 1 mixed, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	61
Infection and antimicrobial activityPharmacology	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 7 results from 3 studies: 5 decrease, 1 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 30 results from 15 studies: 11 increase, 6 decrease, 2 no significant change, 11 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	38
Tumor growthCancer	Human: 1 result from 1 study: 1 decrease. Strongest design: Case report or series	No results	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 1 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	3
Immune responseRespiratory	No results	Animal: 4 results from 2 studies: 4 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 15 results from 7 studies: 7 increase, 3 decrease, 3 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	19
Receptor activity and mechanismSkin and wound	No results	Animal: 2 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 1 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 17 results from 11 studies: 8 increase, 1 decrease, 8 not reported. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	19
MortalityWhole body	No results	Animal: 9 results from 3 studies: 1 increase, 6 decrease, 2 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	9
Bone and jointMusculoskeletal	No results	No results	Lab: 5 results from 1 study: 2 increase, 2 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	5
Skin and hairSkin and wound	No results	Animal: 3 results from 1 study: 3 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	3
Mitochondrial functionSkin and wound	No results	No results	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	2

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	All
Immune responseSkin and wound	83	3	9	–	95
Inflammation markersSkin and wound	59	2	1	–	62
Infection and antimicrobial activitySkin and wound	29	–	6	–	35
SleepSleep	10	–	–	–	10
Cardiovascular eventsCardiovascular	6	2	–	–	8
Wound healingSkin and wound	5	–	–	–	5
Aging markersKidney and urinary	2	–	–	–	2
Tumor growthCancer	2	–	–	–	2
Antiviral activityInfection	1	–	–	–	1
Cancer cell invasion and metastasisCancer	1	–	–	–	1
MortalityInfection	1	–	–	–	1
Receptor activity and mechanismImmune and inflammation	1	–	–	–	1
Skin and hairSkin and wound	1	–	–	–	1
All outcome groups	201	7	16	–	224

LL-37 studies and research data

LL-37 identity

Targets

Sequence and structure

Sequence

Alignment to Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide precursor (hCAP18)

Properties

Net charge by pH

Composition

3D structure

2D structure

Helical wheel

LL-37 results by year and outcome

What the studies measured

LL-37 studies on skin, hair and wounds

LL-37 studies on side effects

LL-37 studies on infections

LL-37 studies on immune system and inflammation

LL-37 studies on cancer

LL-37 studies on survival and serious illness

LL-37 studies on receptors and cell signals

LL-37 studies on bones and joints

LL-37 studies on cells, genes and aging

LL-37 trials

Intratumoral Injections of LL37 for Melanoma

Efficacy of LL-37 Cream on Bacteria Colonization, Inflammation Response and Healing Rate of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Papers

Studies with results

Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis.

Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis.

More studies

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide.

Netting neutrophils are major inducers of type I IFN production in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus.

Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus.

LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells.

Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection.

The Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide.

Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts.

LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides.

Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity.

APD2: the updated antimicrobial peptide database and its application in peptide design.

Antibacterial effect of human mesenchymal stem cells is mediated in part from secretion of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.

An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18.

Human cathelicidin, hCAP-18, is processed to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by extracellular cleavage with proteinase 3.

Vitamin D3 induces autophagy in human monocytes/macrophages via cathelicidin.

Self-RNA-antimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8.

Activities of LL-37, a cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptide of human neutrophils.

The expression of the gene coding for the antibacterial peptide LL-37 is induced in human keratinocytes during inflammatory disorders.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Its Implications in Inflammation: An Overview.

Human host defense peptide LL-37 prevents bacterial biofilm formation.

The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte populations.

The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a multifunctional modulator of innate immune responses.

The peptide antibiotic LL-37/hCAP-18 is expressed in epithelia of the human lung where it has broad antimicrobial activity at the airway surface.

Conformation-dependent antibacterial activity of the naturally occurring human peptide LL-37.

Newer studies

LL-37 studies: 147 papers with results

Regulatory and safety

Human evidence· 7

Animal evidence· 2

Lab evidence· 2

Doses studied · 15

Data and API

Peptide

Latest changes

For developers

Related peptides

LL-37 results by year and outcome

LL-37 studies on skin, hair and wounds

LL-37 studies on side effects

LL-37 studies on infections

LL-37 studies on immune system and inflammation

LL-37 studies on cancer

LL-37 studies on survival and serious illness

LL-37 studies on receptors and cell signals

LL-37 studies on bones and joints

LL-37 studies on cells, genes and aging

LL-37 trials

Intratumoral Injections of LL37 for Melanoma

Efficacy of LL-37 Cream on Bacteria Colonization, Inflammation Response and Healing Rate of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Papers