Skip to content

Study · In vitro (cells) · bacillus subtilis · 2013

7 results

Real-time attack of LL-37 on single Bacillus subtilis cells.

Barns KJ, Weisshaar JC

Biochimica et biophysica acta26 Feb 2013Cited by 69 (Europe PMC)

PMID23454084 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC3625923 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.02.011 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-23454084
Source linkPubMedAsk about this study
Jump to 7 results

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study7

7 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    At 2 µM, LL‑37 decreased the mean single-cell growth rate of Bacillus subtilis.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, 2 µM LL‑37 slowed the growth of single Bacillus subtilis bacteria.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    DecreaseMean single-cell growth rate at 2 µM
    Study

    Bacillus subtilisn: not reported in source

    Single growing B. subtilis cells
    Outcome group
    Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
    Studied dose
    2 µMAs given in this study (Bacillus subtilis).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 2μM LL-37, the mean single-cell growth rate decreases
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of single, growing Bacillus subtilis cells with 2-12s time resolution reveals the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) action on a Gram-positive species with unprecedented detail.
  2. 02LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    At 2 µM, LL‑37 did not permeabilize the membrane of Bacillus subtilis cells.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, 2 µM LL‑37 did not make the bacterial membrane leaky.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    No significant changeMembrane permeabilization at 2 µM
    Study

    Bacillus subtilisn: not reported in source

    Single growing B. subtilis cells
    Outcome group
    Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
    Studied dose
    2 µMAs given in this study (Bacillus subtilis).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    but membrane permeabilization does not occur.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of single, growing Bacillus subtilis cells with 2-12s time resolution reveals the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) action on a Gram-positive species with unprecedented detail.
  3. 03LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    At 4 µM, LL‑37 made Bacillus subtilis cells abruptly shrink in size, interpreted as loss of turgor pressure from membrane permeabilization.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, 4 µM LL‑37 made single bacteria suddenly shrink.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    DecreaseCell shrinkage at 4 µM
    Study

    Bacillus subtilisn: not reported in source

    Single growing B. subtilis cells
    Outcome group
    Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
    Studied dose
    4 µMAs given in this study (Bacillus subtilis).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 4μM LL-37, cells abruptly shrink in size at the same time that Sytox Green enters the cytoplasm and stains the nucleoids.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We interpret the shrinkage event as loss of turgor pressure (and presumably the membrane potential) due to permeabilization of the membrane.
    Summary · context
    Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of single, growing Bacillus subtilis cells with 2-12s time resolution reveals the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) action on a Gram-positive species with unprecedented detail.
  4. 04LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    At 4 µM, Sytox Green entered the cytoplasm of Bacillus subtilis cells and stained the nucleoids at the time of shrinkage.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, 4 µM LL‑37 let a dye enter bacteria at the same time they shrank.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseSytox Green entry into cells at 4 µM
    Study

    Bacillus subtilisn: not reported in source

    Single growing B. subtilis cells
    Outcome group
    Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
    Studied dose
    4 µMAs given in this study (Bacillus subtilis).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 4μM LL-37, cells abruptly shrink in size at the same time that Sytox Green enters the cytoplasm and stains the nucleoids.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of single, growing Bacillus subtilis cells with 2-12s time resolution reveals the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) action on a Gram-positive species with unprecedented detail.
  5. 05LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    Nucleoid staining by Sytox Green was initially local, more consistent with pore formation than with global permeabilization models.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, the dye first stained one spot in the bacteria, which fits pore formation better than a global leak.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    Not applicablePattern of nucleoid staining by Sytox Green
    Study

    Bacillus subtilisn: not reported in source

    Single growing B. subtilis cells
    Outcome group
    Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Movies of Sytox Green staining at 0.5frame/s show that nucleoid staining is initially local, more consistent with pore formation than with global permeabilization models.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of single, growing Bacillus subtilis cells with 2-12s time resolution reveals the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) action on a Gram-positive species with unprecedented detail.
  6. 06LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    The growth rate attenuation at 2 µM LL‑37 was recoverable after LL‑37 was rinsed away.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, bacteria slowed by 2 µM LL‑37 grew normally again after the peptide was washed out.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    Not applicableGrowth recovery after 2 µM LL-37
    Study

    Bacillus subtilisn: not reported in source

    Single growing B. subtilis cells
    Outcome group
    Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
    Studied dose
    2 µMAs given in this study (Bacillus subtilis).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In a novel "growth recovery" assay, cells are incubated with LL-37 for a variable period and then rinsed with fresh growth medium lacking LL-37.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    The growth rate attenuation observed at 2μM LL-37 is a recoverable symptom
    Summary · context
    Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of single, growing Bacillus subtilis cells with 2-12s time resolution reveals the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) action on a Gram-positive species with unprecedented detail.
  7. 07LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    The abrupt cell shrinkage at 4 µM LL‑37 was not recoverable.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, bacteria that shrank at 4 µM LL‑37 did not recover after the peptide was washed out.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    Not applicableGrowth recovery after 4 µM LL-37
    Study

    Bacillus subtilisn: not reported in source

    Single growing B. subtilis cells
    Outcome group
    Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
    Studied dose
    4 µMAs given in this study (Bacillus subtilis).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    while the abrupt cell shrinkage observed at 4μM LL-37 is not.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    In a novel "growth recovery" assay, cells are incubated with LL-37 for a variable period and then rinsed with fresh growth medium lacking LL-37.
    Summary · context
    Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of single, growing Bacillus subtilis cells with 2-12s time resolution reveals the mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) action on a Gram-positive species with unprecedented detail.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    11 Oct 2026, 00:50 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:58 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.