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Study · In vitro (cells) · 2016

12 results

LL-37 stimulates the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells via early growth response 1 and the MAPK pathway.

Yang Y, Choi H, Seon M, Cho D, Bang SI

Stem cell research & therapy19 Apr 2016Cited by 56 (Europe PMC)

PMID27095351 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC4837546 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1186/s13287-016-0313-4 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-27095351
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Summary

BackgroundLL-37 is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide found in the wound bed and assists wound repair. No published study has characterized the role of LL-37 in the function(s) of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.MethodsHuman ASCs were isolated from healthy donors with written informed consent. To examine the effects of LL-37 on ASC function, cell proliferation and migration were measured by a cell counting kit (CCK-8) and a Transwell migration assay. Early growth response 1 (EGR1) mRNA expression was determined by microarray and real-time PCR analyses. The protein levels of EGR1 and regenerative factors were analyzed by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blotting.ResultsLL-37 treatment enhanced the proliferation and migration of human ASCs expressing formyl peptide receptor like-1. Microarray and real-time PCR data showed that EGR1 expression was rapidly and significantly increased by LL-37 treatment. LL-37 treatment also enhanced the production of EGR1. Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of EGR1 inhibited LL-37-enhanced ASC proliferation and migration. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was essential not only for LL-37-enhanced ASC proliferation and migration but also EGR1 expression; treatment with a specific inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase blocked the stimulatory effect of LL-37. EGR1 has a strong paracrine capability and can influence angiogenic factors in ASCs; therefore, we evaluated the secretion levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, thymosin beta-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1. LL-37 treatment increased the secretion of these regenerative factors. Moreover, treatment with the conditioned medium of ASCs pre-activated with LL-37 strongly promoted hair growth in vivo.ConclusionsThese findings show that LL-37 increases EGR1 expression and MAPK activation, and that preconditioning of ASCs with LL-37 has a strong potential to promote hair growth in vivo. This study correlates LL-37 with MSC functions (specifically those of ASCs), including cell expansion, cell migration, and paracrine actions, which may be useful in terms of implantation for tissue regeneration.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study12

10 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In human adipose-derived stem cells expressing formyl peptide receptor like-1, LL‑37 enhanced proliferation.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL‑37 increased the growth of human fat-derived stem cells.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseASC proliferation
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    LL-37 treatment enhanced the proliferation and migration of human ASCs expressing formyl peptide receptor like-1.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  2. 02LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In human adipose-derived stem cells expressing formyl peptide receptor like-1, LL‑37 enhanced migration.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL‑37 increased the movement of human fat-derived stem cells.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseASC migration
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    LL-37 treatment enhanced the proliferation and migration of human ASCs expressing formyl peptide receptor like-1.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  3. 03LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, LL‑37 rapidly and significantly increased EGR1 expression.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL‑37 quickly raised the activity of the EGR1 gene.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseEGR1 mRNA expression
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Microarray and real-time PCR data showed that EGR1 expression was rapidly and significantly increased by LL-37 treatment.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  4. 04LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, LL‑37 enhanced the production of EGR1.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL‑37 raised the amount of EGR1 protein.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseEGR1 protein production
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    LL-37 treatment also enhanced the production of EGR1.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  5. 05LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, siRNA knockdown of EGR1 inhibited LL‑37-enhanced proliferation and migration.

    In plain wordsIn cells, switching off EGR1 blocked the growth and movement that LL‑37 had increased.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    Not applicableEffect of EGR1 knockdown on LL-37-enhanced proliferation and migration
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of EGR1 inhibited LL-37-enhanced ASC proliferation and migration.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  6. 06LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, MAPK activation was essential for LL‑37-enhanced proliferation, migration and EGR1 expression; ERK, p38 or JNK inhibitors blocked the stimulatory effect.

    In plain wordsIn cells, blocking the MAPK pathway stopped the effects of LL‑37 on cell growth, movement and EGR1.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    Not applicableMAPK dependence of LL-37 effects
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was essential not only for LL-37-enhanced ASC proliferation and migration but also EGR1 expression; treatment with a specific inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase blocked the stimulatory effect of LL-37.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  7. 07LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, LL‑37 increased the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL‑37 raised the release of vascular endothelial growth factor.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseSecretion of vascular endothelial growth factor
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    EGR1 has a strong paracrine capability and can influence angiogenic factors in ASCs; therefore, we evaluated the secretion levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, thymosin beta-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1. LL-37 treatment increased the secretion of these regenerative factors.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  8. 08LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, LL‑37 increased the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL‑37 raised the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseSecretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    EGR1 has a strong paracrine capability and can influence angiogenic factors in ASCs; therefore, we evaluated the secretion levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, thymosin beta-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1. LL-37 treatment increased the secretion of these regenerative factors.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  9. 09LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, LL‑37 increased the secretion of stromal cell-derived factor-1.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL‑37 raised the release of stromal cell-derived factor-1.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseSecretion of stromal cell-derived factor-1
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    EGR1 has a strong paracrine capability and can influence angiogenic factors in ASCs; therefore, we evaluated the secretion levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, thymosin beta-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1. LL-37 treatment increased the secretion of these regenerative factors.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.
  10. 10LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, LL‑37 increased the secretion of thymosin beta-4.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL‑37 raised the release of thymosin beta-4 by the cells.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseSecretion of thymosin beta-4
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    EGR1 has a strong paracrine capability and can influence angiogenic factors in ASCs; therefore, we evaluated the secretion levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, thymosin beta-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1. LL-37 treatment increased the secretion of these regenerative factors.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.

Natural levels measured1

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 11LabEndogenous levelIn vitro (cells)Other

    In human adipose-derived stem cells, LL-37 treatment increased the cells' own secretion of thymosin beta‑4.

    In plain wordsIn cells, LL-37 raised the cells' own release of thymosin beta‑4. Thymosin beta‑4 was not given.

    Peptide
    Thymosin beta-4 (human)
    Outcome
    IncreaseASC secretion of thymosin beta-4 after LL-37
    Study

    humann: not reported in source

    Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs)
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    EGR1 has a strong paracrine capability and can influence angiogenic factors in ASCs; therefore, we evaluated the secretion levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, thymosin beta-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1. LL-37 treatment increased the secretion of these regenerative factors.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.

    This result measures the body's own Thymosin beta-4 (human). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone1

In this study, LL-37 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking LL-37.

  1. 12AnimalNot a test of LL-37 aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In C57BL/6 mice with hair loss, conditioned medium of ASCs pre-activated with LL‑37 strongly promoted hair growth.

    In plain wordsIn mice with hair loss, fluid from fat stem cells pre-activated with LL‑37 strongly increased hair growth.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseHair growth with conditioned medium of LL-37-preactivated ASCs
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    C57BL/6 mice with hair loss
    Outcome group
    Skin and hair · Skin and wound

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Moreover, treatment with the conditioned medium of ASCs pre-activated with LL-37 strongly promoted hair growth in vivo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This study investigated the functions of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) activated by LL-37 by performing both in vitro assays with cultured cells and in vivo assays with C57BL/6 mice with hair loss.

    In this study, LL-37 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking LL-37.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 4Current

    13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Versions 2 to 3

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:57 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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