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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2014

11 results

Citrullination alters immunomodulatory function of LL-37 essential for prevention of endotoxin-induced sepsis.

Koziel J, Bryzek D, Sroka A, Maresz K, Glowczyk I, Bielecka E, Kantyka T, Pyrć K, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Potempa J

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)25 Apr 2014Cited by 70 (Europe PMC)

PMID24771854 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC4036085 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.4049/jimmunol.1303062 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-24771854
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study11

10 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock, native LL‑37 prevented morbidity.

    In plain wordsIn mice with endotoxin shock, normal LL‑37 prevented illness.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    DecreaseMorbidity in endotoxin shock with native LL-37
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock
    Outcome group
    Mortality · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, in stark contrast to native LL-37, the modified peptide completely lost the ability to prevent morbidity and mortality in a mouse model of d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock, native LL‑37 prevented mortality.

    In plain wordsIn mice with endotoxin shock, normal LL‑37 prevented death.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    DecreaseMortality in endotoxin shock with native LL-37
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock
    Outcome group
    Mortality · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, in stark contrast to native LL-37, the modified peptide completely lost the ability to prevent morbidity and mortality in a mouse model of d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock.
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock, citrullinated LL‑37 completely lost the ability to prevent morbidity, unlike native LL‑37.

    In plain wordsIn mice with endotoxin shock, citrullinated LL‑37 did not prevent illness, unlike normal LL‑37.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    No significant changeMorbidity in endotoxin shock with citrullinated LL-37
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock
    Comparator
    Native LL-37
    Outcome group
    Mortality · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, in stark contrast to native LL-37, the modified peptide completely lost the ability to prevent morbidity and mortality in a mouse model of d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock.
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock, citrullinated LL‑37 completely lost the ability to prevent mortality, unlike native LL‑37.

    In plain wordsIn mice with endotoxin shock, citrullinated LL‑37 did not prevent death, unlike normal LL‑37.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    No significant changeMortality in endotoxin shock with citrullinated LL-37
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock
    Comparator
    Native LL-37
    Outcome group
    Mortality · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, in stark contrast to native LL-37, the modified peptide completely lost the ability to prevent morbidity and mortality in a mouse model of d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock.
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Safety outcome

    In mice, administration of citrullinated LL‑37 plus endotoxin exacerbated sepsis because the peptide could not neutralize LPS.

    In plain wordsIn mice, citrullinated LL‑37 given with endotoxin made sepsis worse.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseSepsis severity with citrullinated LL-37 plus endotoxin
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Whole body
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In fact, administration of citrullinated LL-37 plus endotoxin actually exacerbated sepsis due to the inability of LL-37 to neutralize LPS and the subsequent enhancement of systemic inflammation due to increased serum levels of IL-6.
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Safety outcome

    In mice, citrullinated LL‑37 plus endotoxin increased systemic inflammation, shown by increased serum IL-6 levels.

    In plain wordsIn mice, citrullinated LL‑37 given with endotoxin raised blood levels of the inflammation signal IL-6.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreaseSerum IL-6 with citrullinated LL-37 plus endotoxin
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In fact, administration of citrullinated LL-37 plus endotoxin actually exacerbated sepsis due to the inability of LL-37 to neutralize LPS and the subsequent enhancement of systemic inflammation due to increased serum levels of IL-6.
  7. 07LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    Citrullinated LL‑37 was at least 40 times less efficient than native LL‑37 at neutralizing the proinflammatory activity of LPS.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, LL‑37 changed by citrullination was far less able to block the inflammatory effect of bacterial endotoxin than normal LL‑37.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    DecreaseNeutralization of LPS proinflammatory activity by citrullinated LL-37
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Native LL-37
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Efficiency of LPS neutralization vs native LL-37
    ≥ 40 fold lower
    citrullinated LL-37

    Source sentences

    Summary
    We found that, when citrullinated, LL-37 was at least 40 times less efficient at neutralizing the proinflammatory activity of LPS due to a marked decrease in its affinity for endotoxin.
  8. 08LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    The ability of citrullinated LL‑37 to quench macrophage responses to lipoteichoic acid signaling via TLR2 was significantly reduced.

    In plain wordsIn macrophage tests, citrullinated LL‑37 was significantly worse at calming responses to a bacterial wall component.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    DecreaseQuenching of macrophage TLR2 response to lipoteichoic acid
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    macrophages
    Comparator
    Native LL-37
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Also, the ability of citrullinated LL-37 to quench macrophage responses to lipoteichoic acid and poly(I:C) signaling via TLR2 and TLR3, respectively, was significantly reduced.
  9. 09LabIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement

    The ability of citrullinated LL‑37 to quench macrophage responses to poly(I:C) signaling via TLR3 was significantly reduced.

    In plain wordsIn macrophage tests, citrullinated LL‑37 was significantly worse at calming responses to a viral RNA mimic.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    DecreaseQuenching of macrophage TLR3 response to poly(I:C)
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    macrophages
    Comparator
    Native LL-37
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Also, the ability of citrullinated LL-37 to quench macrophage responses to lipoteichoic acid and poly(I:C) signaling via TLR2 and TLR3, respectively, was significantly reduced.
  10. 10LabIn vitro (cell-free)Mechanism

    Citrullination of LL‑37 markedly decreased its affinity for endotoxin.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, citrullination of LL‑37 sharply lowered how well it binds bacterial endotoxin.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    DecreaseAffinity of citrullinated LL-37 for endotoxin
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Native LL-37
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Pharmacology
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    We found that, when citrullinated, LL-37 was at least 40 times less efficient at neutralizing the proinflammatory activity of LPS due to a marked decrease in its affinity for endotoxin.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone1

In this study, LL-37 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking LL-37.

  1. 11AnimalNot a test of LL-37 aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In septic mice, serum showed increased PAD activity that strongly correlated with the level of citrullination.

    In plain wordsIn septic mice, blood showed more of the enzyme that citrullinates proteins, linked to more citrullination.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreasePAD activity and citrullination in serum of septic mice
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    d-galactosamine-sensitized endotoxin shock
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Importantly, serum from septic mice showed increased PAD activity, which strongly correlated with the level of citrullination, indicating that PAD-driven protein modification occurs in vivo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In fact, administration of citrullinated LL-37 plus endotoxin actually exacerbated sepsis due to the inability of LL-37 to neutralize LPS and the subsequent enhancement of systemic inflammation due to increased serum levels of IL-6.

    In this study, LL-37 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking LL-37.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    9 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:57 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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