Peptides / Weight and metabolic

Natural peptide · 29 amino acids · 3,482.8 Da

Glucagon

ApprovedNot banned in sport

Glucagon (GlucaGen, Gvoke, Baqsimi) is a hormone approved in the US and EU for severe low blood sugar in diabetes, and GlucaGen also for imaging tests. Studies in people tested it mostly on blood sugar and gut movement, and tracked side effects. PepBank shows 518 results on glucagon from 99 studies in people, and 109 from animal and lab studies. The strongest evidence is a randomized trial in people. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Also known as Glucagon (1-29), Baqsimi, GlucaGen, Gvoke, Ogluo

29 amino acids, from first to last0 changed amino acids

Evidence level: Large trials in people518 of 627 results come from studies in people, including randomized trials.

Results in people

518

83% of 627 results

Results in animals

109

17% of 627 results

Results in lab cells

0% of 627 results

From computer models

0% of 627 results

Overview

Glucagon at a glance

What it is	Natural peptide, 29 amino acids
Approval	Approved in the US and EU (GlucaGen, 1998)
In sport	Not listed as banned by WADA
Studies	128 studies with results. 119 of them gave glucagon, with 627 results. 518 in people109 in animals
Best study in people	Randomized controlled trial with 68 people (2020)
Clinical trials	218 registered: 33 active or planned, 64 with posted results
Community use	Severe hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes and pediatric patients with diabetes weighing at least 25 kg. Selected GlucaGen HypoKit label use.

The science

What is glucagon?

This existing record covers the 29-residue human glucagon sequence and its medicinal formulations.

Amino acids in one chain

The history of glucagon

1968
The oldest paper on glucagon in PepBank is from 1968.
1998June
FDA approved GlucaGen for severe hypoglycemia in pediatric and adult patients with diabetes. Also a diagnostic aid during radiologic examinations in adults.
2012August
A registered trial of glucagon started (NCT01524705).
2019July
FDA approved Baqsimi for severe hypoglycemia in adults and pediatric patients aged one year and older with diabetes. Nasal powder.
2019September
FDA approved Gvoke for severe hypoglycemia in adults and pediatric patients aged two years and older with diabetes. Presentation and route limits apply.

Glucagon structure and chemistry

The key facts about the molecule. Long codes are in the closed section below.

Sequence, 29 amino acidsFrom the first amino acid to the last

H1SQGT5FTS−DY10S+KYL−D15S+R+RAQ20−DFVQW25LMNT

Darker means more water-repelling+ and − show charge in the body

Structure

Glucagon is a natural peptide of 29 amino acids, with no ring, no changed amino acids.

Formula

C₁₅₃H₂₂₅N₄₃O₄₉S

Molecular weight

3,482.8 g/mol

CAS number

16941-32-5

Target

Glucagon receptor (gene GCGR): agonistEvidence: primary literature

Development

Highest phase: past the trial stage (see status).

Identifiers

PubChem 16132283, ChEMBL CHEMBL5314341, UNII 76LA80IG2G, DrugBank DB00040, KEGG D00116, IUPHAR 1136, UniProt P01275

Full sequence, SMILES and InChIKey

Three-letter sequence
H-His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr-OH

InChIKey
MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N

SMILES
C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC4=CC=CC=C4)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC5=CNC6=CC=CC=C65)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC7=CN=CN7)N)O

See charge, composition and 3D structure on the Scientific page

The evidence

What glucagon studies show

Results grouped by what the studies measured. Each card shows where its results come from.

Large trials in people518 of 627 results come from studies in people, including randomized trials.

Blood sugar

225 results · 200 in people · 25 animal

In Japanese adults with diabetes, nasal glucagon met non-inferiority criteria versus intramuscular glucagon for successful treatment. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2020

Top results

In Japanese adults with diabetes, nasal glucagon met non-inferiority criteria versus intramuscular glucagon for successful treatment. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2020)
In normal and diabetic subjects, the C-peptide response showed a clear relationship with glucagon dose. (Acta endocrinologica, 1988)
With somatostatin and glucagon replacement, glucose production increased more in controls than in cirrhotic patients. (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1982)

Stomach and gut

31 results · 31 in people

In normal subjects, higher glucagon doses reduced lower esophageal contraction strength, but the decrease was not statistically significant. Dysphagia, 1999

Top results

In normal subjects, higher glucagon doses reduced lower esophageal contraction strength, but the decrease was not statistically significant. (Dysphagia, 1999)
During barium enema examinations, glucagon produced more bowel relaxation than placebo. (AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 1976)
In patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis, glucagon alone decreased stomach acid secretion. (Mayo Clinic proceedings, 1981)

Heart and blood vessels

31 results · 29 in people · 2 animal

In patients with reversible perfusion defects, adding glucagon to metoprolol did not significantly change the measured stress-test parameters. Pharmacotherapy, 2000

Top results

In patients with reversible perfusion defects, adding glucagon to metoprolol did not significantly change the measured stress-test parameters. (Pharmacotherapy, 2000)
In the barium enema study, glucagon did not significantly change blood pressure. (AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 1976)
In non-diabetic volunteers, glucagon increased local blood flow versus baseline at the higher dose. (European journal of pharmacology, 2022)

Metabolism and nutrition

38 results · 28 in people · 10 animal

In healthy subjects, 4 ng/kg/min glucagon lowered glutamine levels compared with unchanged infusion. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1998

Top results

In healthy subjects, 4 ng/kg/min glucagon lowered glutamine levels compared with unchanged infusion. (Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1998)
In healthy people with overweight or obesity, both glucagon doses changed blood metabolites compared with placebo. (Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2021)
In healthy people with overweight or obesity, glucagon affected amino acid metabolism pathways compared with placebo. (Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2021)

Cholesterol and blood fats

18 results · 12 in people · 6 animal

In patients with type 1 diabetes, free fatty acids were initially lower after glucagon than saline. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2016

Top results

In patients with type 1 diabetes, free fatty acids were initially lower after glucagon than saline. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2016)
In animals, glucagon increased fat breakdown in the liver. (Nature, 2020)
In insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, pulsatile glucagon caused greater blood lipid disturbances than continuous glucagon. (Diabete & metabolisme, 1990)

Surgery and procedures

11 results · 11 in people

In sedated colonoscopy patients, insertion time was identical with glucagon and placebo. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 1995

Top results

In sedated colonoscopy patients, insertion time was identical with glucagon and placebo. (Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 1995)
In children with intussusception, glucagon did not significantly improve reduction success versus control. (Acta radiologica: diagnosis, 1984)
In Study 2 colonoscopy patients, spasm scores did not differ between glucagon and placebo. (Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 1995)

Glucagon has 614 linked papers. PepBank read up to 120 of the most-cited studies that gave it to people, up to 20 other studies, and the main trials.

All 128 glucagon studies by area Open the Scientific page

Key glucagon studies

Studies in people come first, then studies in animals and in the lab.

People
Nasal glucagon as a viable alternative for treating insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in Japanese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: A phase 3 randomized crossover study
Matsuhisa et al. 2020 · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 68 people · cited by 23
11 results
People
Glucagon Administration by Nasal and Intramuscular Routes in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycaemia: A Randomised, Open-Label, Crossover Study
Suico et al. 2020 · Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 66 people · cited by 26
5 results
People
MON-LB110 A Phase 2 Evaluation of a Ready-To-Use Liquid Stable Continuous Subcutaneous Glucagon Infusion for the Treatment of Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Failure
Pettus et al. 2020 · Journal of the Endocrine Society · 49 people · cited by 0
8 results
People
Effects of subcutaneous, low-dose glucagon on insulin-induced mild hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin pump treated type 1 diabetes
Ranjan et al. 2016 · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 8 people · cited by 31
16 results
People
Hydrostatic reduction of childhood intussusception. The role of adjuvant glucagon medication
Mortensson et al. 1984 · Acta radiologica: diagnosis · 188 people · cited by 11
4 results

All 128 Glucagon studies

Glucagon clinical trials

ClinicalTrials.gov lists 218 trials of glucagon. 33 are active or planned, and 64 have posted results. PepBank does not show trial results.

Solid bars are dates that happened. Hatched bars are planned dates. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

A Trial to Confirm the Efficacy and Safety of Dasiglucagon in the Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Subjects

Phase 3completed170 people

G-Pen Compared to Glucagen Hypokit for Severe Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

Phase 3completed132 people

Clinical Usability of Intranasal Glucagon in Treatment of Hypoglycemia

Phase 3completed129 people

All 79 Glucagon trials

Status and safety

Is glucagon approved?

FDA

United States

Approved

An approved medicine contains it.

EMA

European Union

Approved

An approved medicine contains it.

WADA

Sport

Not banned

Not on the 2026 Prohibited List.

Yes. Approved in the US and EU (GlucaGen, 1998). The FDA label for GlucaGen says: “Severe hypoglycemia in pediatric and adult patients with diabetes” Not listed as banned by WADA.

Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

Glucagon side effects and safety

PepBank has 70 safety results from studies of glucagon. 70 of them come from studies in people.

Safety results from studies (70)

In adults with type 1 diabetes, adverse event rates were comparable with autoinjector glucagon and the emergency kit. (BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2021)
In Study 1 colonoscopy patients, there was a trend toward more side effects (nausea and vomiting) with glucagon than with placebo. (Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 1995)
In adults with type 1 diabetes, head or facial discomfort occurred more often with intranasal than intramuscular glucagon. (Diabetes care, 2016)
In severe acute pancreatitis, complications occurred in five of 10 glucagon recipients versus eight of 12 placebo recipients. (The American journal of gastroenterology, 1980)
In adults with type 1 diabetes, one subject had hyperglycemia with mini-dose glucagon compared with five with glucose tablets. (Diabetes care, 2018)
In diabetic children, injected glucagon caused nausea more often than nasal glucagon. (Diabetologia, 1993)
In patients with type 1 diabetes, other circulatory measures, counter-regulatory hormones and side effects did not differ between glucagon and saline. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2016)
In the youngest children, nasal glucagon had similar safety at both doses. (Diabetes care, 2016)
Nausea rates were similar with GlucaGen and dasiglucagon. (Diabetes care, 2018)
In adults with type 1 diabetes, no serious adverse events occurred with either nasal or intramuscular glucagon. (Diabetes therapy, 2020)
In adults with diabetes, fewer patients had high glucose after nasal versus injectable glucagon at 1-2 hours. (Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2024)
In the childhood intussusception series, no complications occurred. (Acta radiologica: diagnosis, 1984)
In healthy adults, 25% had at least one adverse event with the glucagon prefilled syringe. (Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2024)
In the barium enema study, glucagon did not significantly change pulse. (AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 1976)
In normal subjects, glucagon did not change pulse rate. (Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1975)
In overweight or obese adults, the intranasal glucagon study reported no adverse effects. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2019)
In children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, no serious adverse events occurred after nasal glucagon. (Pediatric diabetes, 2018)
In gallbladder surgery patients, blood sugar did not change significantly in either the glucagon or saline group. (Archives of surgery, 1983)
In diabetic patients, nasal glucagon produced local irritation, rhinitis or sneezing in 80%. (Diabetes research and clinical practice, 1992)
In normal subjects, one person had temporary nausea after 0.5 mg glucagon. (Dysphagia, 1999)
In asthmatic subjects, no adverse effects occurred after nebulized glucagon. (The American journal of emergency medicine, 1998)
In adults with type 1 diabetes using automated insulin delivery, no hypoglycaemia occurred during exercise with or without glucagon. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2025)
In adults with type 1 diabetes, most adverse events after nasal glucagon were local and low to moderate in severity. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2018)
In Japanese adults with diabetes, more than two patients had nose pain related to nasal glucagon. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2020)

See every safety result on the Scientific page

Doses studied (40 shown)

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design	Source
3 mg	Human	human	nasal	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 68	Matsuhisa 2020
3 mg	Human	human	nasal	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 66	Suico 2020
low rate 20 mcg/hour or high rate 80 mcg/hour	Human	human	continuous subcutaneous infusion	4 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 49	Pettus 2020
100, 200 and 300 µg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 8	Ranjan 2016
300 µg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 8	Ranjan 2016
0.05 mg/kg	Human	human	intramuscular	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 188	Mortensson 1984
1 mg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 161	Christiansen 2021
0.5 mg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 103	Stone 1988
1 mg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 90	Cutler 1995
3 mg	Human	human	intranasal	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 75	Rickels 2016
0.03 mg/kg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 46	Wilber 2000
1 mg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 40	Junaidi 2024
1 mg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 40	Eisenstat 2002
1 mg bolus followed by 6 mg/24 hr	Human	human	bolus injection followed by infusion	three days	Randomized trial in people · n = 22	Kronborg 1980
1 mg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 22	Murthy 2000
150 μg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 15	Rickels 2018
1 mg	Human	human	intramuscular	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 14	Carstens 1998
0.5 mg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 11	Stenninger 1993
100 µg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 10	Ranjan 2017
500 µg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 10	Ranjan 2017
0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 10	Colon 1999
0.5 mg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 10	Colon 1999
1 mg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 10	Colon 1999
2 mg	Human	human	nebulized	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 10	Melanson 1998
150 μg	Human	human	subcutaneous	120 minutes observation	Randomized trial in people · n = 10	Laugesen 2021
50 ng/kg/min	Human	human	infusion	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 8	Salem 2016
100 µg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 8	Ranjan 2016
200 µg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 8	Ranjan 2016
4.8 microg kg(-1) bolus followed by 9.6 microg kg(-1) h(-1) infusion	Human	human	Not reported	1 hour	Randomized trial in people · n = 8	Chang 2003
377 ng/min during 2 min followed by 11 min without infusion	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people · n = 7	Paolisso 1990
2 mg	Human	human	intranasal	Not reported	Randomized trial in people	Sherr 2016
0.5 or 1.0 mg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people	Hövelmann 2018
1 mg	Human	human	subcutaneous	Not reported	Randomized trial in people	Pieber 2021
1 mg	Human	human	intramuscular	Not reported	Randomized trial in people	Patrick 1990
12.5 or 25 ng/kg/min	Human	human	infusion	72 hours	Randomized trial in people	Vega 2021
150 µg	Human	human	subcutaneous	12 weeks	Randomized trial in people	Aronson 2023
3 mg	Human	human	nasal	Not reported	Trial in people without random groups · n = 69	Seaquist 2018
2 mg	Human	human	Not reported	Not reported	Trial in people without random groups · n = 60	Harned 1976
2 mg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Trial in people without random groups · n = 41	Evans 1979
50 micrograms/kg	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Trial in people without random groups · n = 37	Markiewicz 1982

From the community

How people use it

What people report online. It comes from forums and guides, not from studies.

Community-reported. Not tested in trials.

This record reports one selected prescription-label regimen for GlucaGen HypoKit. Drugs@FDA lists GlucaGen as discontinued in the US.

Reported routines and cautions

What people use it for

Severe hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes and pediatric patients with diabetes weighing at least 25 kg. Selected GlucaGen HypoKit label use.S1

Reported regimens

Regimens that community sources report for Glucagon. Community-reported, not tested in trials.
Context	Route	Amount	How often	How long	Agreement	Sources
Severe hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes and pediatric patients with diabetes weighing at least 25 kg. Selected GlucaGen HypoKit regimen after reconstitution.Official label dosing of an approved product	subcutaneous or intramuscular injectionInject into the upper arm, thigh, or buttocks. The label also permits intravenous administration only under medical supervision.	1 mg per dose	one rescue dose, with one additional dose if there is no response after 15 minutes	Not stated	Single official US label source.	S1

Cautions

The label contraindicates GlucaGen in pheochromocytoma, insulinoma, and known hypersensitivity to glucagon or its excipients. Adequate hepatic glycogen is necessary. Starvation, adrenal insufficiency, or chronic hypoglycemia may reduce efficacy. The label directs glucose treatment for patients with these conditions.S1

Status notes

Ogluo has an EU marketing authorisation for severe hypoglycemia in people with diabetes aged two years and older. This does not establish current availability in every country.S2
Drugs@FDA lists GlucaGen NDA020918 as discontinued. Other glucagon products remain approved.S3

Community sources

S1GlucaGen US prescribing information (opens in a new tab)dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
S2EMA Ogluo central authorisation (opens in a new tab)ema.europa.eu
S3Drugs@FDA glucagon applications and marketing status (opens in a new tab)api.fda.gov

Gaps

This record covers one selected GlucaGen HypoKit label regimen. It does not establish a community-practice regimen. Other patient groups, formulations, and indications have separate label conditions. GlucaGen is discontinued in US Drugs@FDA. The retained label does not establish present availability.

Questions and more

Ask a question about glucagon

The answer links to every study it uses.

What does the evidence say about glucagon?Is glucagon tested in people?Compare with Liraglutide Compare with Dulaglutide (Trulicity)

Sources

Database: PepBank data for glucagon (data version 308560)
Regulator: FDA status record
Regulator: EMA status record
Regulator: WADA status record
Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov
Community: community sources (forums and guides), as summarized in the PepBank community file

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Ask your AI about glucagon

Glucagon

ApprovedNot banned in sport

Also known as Glucagon (1-29), Baqsimi, GlucaGen, Gvoke, Ogluo

What it is

Natural peptide, 29 amino acids

Approval

Approved in the US and EU (GlucaGen, 1998)

In sport

Not listed as banned by WADA

Studies

128 studies with results. 119 of them gave glucagon, with 627 results.
518 in people109 in animals

Best study in people

Randomized controlled trial with 68 people (2020)

Clinical trials

218 registered: 33 active or planned, 64 with posted results

Community use

Severe hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes and pediatric patients with diabetes weighing at least 25 kg. Selected GlucaGen HypoKit label use.

Dose as reported

Class

Species

Route

Duration

Design

Source

3 mg

Human

human

nasal

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 68

Matsuhisa 2020

3 mg

Human

human

nasal

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 66

Suico 2020

low rate 20 mcg/hour or high rate 80 mcg/hour

Human

human

continuous subcutaneous infusion

4 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 49

Pettus 2020

100, 200 and 300 µg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 8

Ranjan 2016

300 µg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 8

Ranjan 2016

0.05 mg/kg

Human

human

intramuscular

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 188

Mortensson 1984

1 mg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 161

Christiansen 2021

0.5 mg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 103

Stone 1988

1 mg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 90

Cutler 1995

3 mg

Human

human

intranasal

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 75

Rickels 2016

0.03 mg/kg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 46

Wilber 2000

1 mg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 40

Junaidi 2024

1 mg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 40

Eisenstat 2002

1 mg bolus followed by 6 mg/24 hr

Human

human

bolus injection followed by infusion

three days

Randomized trial in people · n = 22

Kronborg 1980

1 mg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 22

Murthy 2000

150 μg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 15

Rickels 2018

1 mg

Human

human

intramuscular

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 14

Carstens 1998

0.5 mg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 11

Stenninger 1993

100 µg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 10

Ranjan 2017

500 µg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 10

Ranjan 2017

0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 10

Colon 1999

0.5 mg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 10

Colon 1999

1 mg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 10

Colon 1999

2 mg

Human

human

nebulized

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 10

Melanson 1998

150 μg

Human

human

subcutaneous

120 minutes observation

Randomized trial in people · n = 10

Laugesen 2021

50 ng/kg/min

Human

human

infusion

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 8

Salem 2016

100 µg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 8

Ranjan 2016

200 µg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 8

Ranjan 2016

4.8 microg kg(-1) bolus followed by 9.6 microg kg(-1) h(-1) infusion

Human

human

Not reported

1 hour

Randomized trial in people · n = 8

Chang 2003

377 ng/min during 2 min followed by 11 min without infusion

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people · n = 7

Paolisso 1990

2 mg

Human

human

intranasal

Not reported

Randomized trial in people

Sherr 2016

0.5 or 1.0 mg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people

Hövelmann 2018

1 mg

Human

human

subcutaneous

Not reported

Randomized trial in people

Pieber 2021

1 mg

Human

human

intramuscular

Not reported

Randomized trial in people

Patrick 1990

12.5 or 25 ng/kg/min

Human

human

infusion

72 hours

Randomized trial in people

Vega 2021

150 µg

Human

human

subcutaneous

12 weeks

Randomized trial in people

Aronson 2023

3 mg

Human

human

nasal

Not reported

Trial in people without random groups · n = 69

Seaquist 2018

2 mg

Human

human

Not reported

Trial in people without random groups · n = 60

Harned 1976

2 mg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Trial in people without random groups · n = 41

Evans 1979

50 micrograms/kg

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Trial in people without random groups · n = 37

Markiewicz 1982

Context

Route

Amount

How often

How long

Agreement

Sources

Severe hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes and pediatric patients with diabetes weighing at least 25 kg. Selected GlucaGen HypoKit regimen after reconstitution.Official label dosing of an approved product

subcutaneous or intramuscular injectionInject into the upper arm, thigh, or buttocks. The label also permits intravenous administration only under medical supervision.

1 mg per dose

one rescue dose, with one additional dose if there is no response after 15 minutes

Not stated

Single official US label source.

Glucagon

Glucagon at a glance

What is glucagon?

The history of glucagon

Glucagon structure and chemistry

What glucagon studies show

Blood sugar

Stomach and gut

Heart and blood vessels

Metabolism and nutrition

Cholesterol and blood fats

Surgery and procedures

Key glucagon studies

Glucagon clinical trials

Is glucagon approved?

Glucagon side effects and safety

How people use it

What people use it for

Reported regimens

Cautions

Status notes

Community sources

Ask a question about glucagon

Related peptides

Sources

Glucagon

Glucagon at a glance

What is glucagon?

The history of glucagon

Glucagon structure and chemistry

What glucagon studies show

Blood sugar

Stomach and gut

Heart and blood vessels

Metabolism and nutrition

Cholesterol and blood fats

Surgery and procedures

Key glucagon studies

Glucagon clinical trials

Is glucagon approved?

Glucagon side effects and safety

How people use it

What people use it for

Reported regimens

Cautions

Status notes

Community sources

Ask a question about glucagon

Related peptides

Sources