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Study · Randomized controlled trial · n = 8 · 2016

16 results

Effects of subcutaneous, low-dose glucagon on insulin-induced mild hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin pump treated type 1 diabetes.

Ranjan A, Schmidt S, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Nørgaard K

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism9 Feb 2016Cited by 31 (Europe PMC)

PMID26743775 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1111/dom.12627 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-26743775
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study16

16 results from studies that gave the peptide. 16 results from people.

  1. 01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, peak plasma glucose increased significantly with increasing glucagon doses.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, peak glucose increased with higher glucagon doses.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreasePeak plasma glucose dose response
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    lower glucagon doses
    Analysis
    Primary
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Area under the plasma glucose curve, peak plasma glucose, time to peak plasma glucose and duration of plasma glucose level above baseline were significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses; however, these were not significantly different between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Peak plasma glucose level was the primary endpoint.
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  2. 02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, peak glucose did not differ significantly between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, peak glucose did not differ significantly between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changePeak glucose at higher doses
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    200 µg glucagon
    Analysis
    Primary
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Area under the plasma glucose curve, peak plasma glucose, time to peak plasma glucose and duration of plasma glucose level above baseline were significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses; however, these were not significantly different between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Peak plasma glucose level was the primary endpoint.
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  3. 03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In insulin pump-treated patients with type 1 diabetes, glucagon increased glucose by 2.3 mmol/l to 6.1 versus 3.6 mmol/l with saline.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, the lowest glucagon dose raised blood glucose more than saline.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreasePlasma glucose increase
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    saline
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    100 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Glucose increase
    2.3 mmol/l
    100 µg
    Increase 95% CI
    1.7 to 3 mmol/l
    100 µg
    Glucose level
    6.1 mmol/l
    100 µg
    Glucose 95% CI
    4.9 to 7.4 mmol/l
    100 µg
    Glucose level
    3.6 mmol/l
    saline
    Glucose 95% CI
    3.4 to 3.9 mmol/l
    saline
    P value
    < 0.001
    versus saline

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Plasma glucose level increased significantly by a mean (95% CI) of 2.3 (1.7-3.0), 4.2 (3.5-4.8) and 5.0 (4.3-5.6) mmol/l to 6.1 (4.9-7.4), 7.9 (6.4-9.3) and 8.7 (7.8-9.5) vs 3.6 (3.4-3.9) mmol/l (p < 0.001) after the three different glucagon doses as compared with saline
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  4. 04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In insulin pump-treated patients with type 1 diabetes, glucagon increased glucose by 4.2 mmol/l to 7.9 versus 3.6 mmol/l with saline.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, the middle glucagon dose raised blood glucose more than saline.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreasePlasma glucose increase
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    saline
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    200 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Glucose increase
    4.2 mmol/l
    200 µg
    Increase 95% CI
    3.5 to 4.8 mmol/l
    200 µg
    Glucose level
    7.9 mmol/l
    200 µg
    Glucose 95% CI
    6.4 to 9.3 mmol/l
    200 µg
    Glucose level
    3.6 mmol/l
    saline
    Glucose 95% CI
    3.4 to 3.9 mmol/l
    saline
    P value
    < 0.001
    versus saline

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Plasma glucose level increased significantly by a mean (95% CI) of 2.3 (1.7-3.0), 4.2 (3.5-4.8) and 5.0 (4.3-5.6) mmol/l to 6.1 (4.9-7.4), 7.9 (6.4-9.3) and 8.7 (7.8-9.5) vs 3.6 (3.4-3.9) mmol/l (p < 0.001) after the three different glucagon doses as compared with saline
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  5. 05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In insulin pump-treated patients with type 1 diabetes, glucagon increased glucose by 5.0 mmol/l to 8.7 versus 3.6 mmol/l with saline.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, the highest glucagon dose raised blood glucose more than saline.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreasePlasma glucose increase
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    saline
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    Glucose increase
    5 mmol/l
    300 µg
    Increase 95% CI
    4.3 to 5.6 mmol/l
    300 µg
    Glucose level
    8.7 mmol/l
    300 µg
    Glucose 95% CI
    7.8 to 9.5 mmol/l
    300 µg
    Glucose level
    3.6 mmol/l
    saline
    Glucose 95% CI
    3.4 to 3.9 mmol/l
    saline
    P value
    < 0.001
    versus saline

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Plasma glucose level increased significantly by a mean (95% CI) of 2.3 (1.7-3.0), 4.2 (3.5-4.8) and 5.0 (4.3-5.6) mmol/l to 6.1 (4.9-7.4), 7.9 (6.4-9.3) and 8.7 (7.8-9.5) vs 3.6 (3.4-3.9) mmol/l (p < 0.001) after the three different glucagon doses as compared with saline
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  6. 06HumanRandomized controlled trialMechanism

    In insulin pump-treated patients with type 1 diabetes, the glucose increase after glucagon did not correlate with weight.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, the glucose rise after glucagon was not linked to weight.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeGlucose response correlation with weight
    Study

    n = 8

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    and the increase was neither correlated with weight nor insulin levels.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  7. 07HumanRandomized controlled trialMechanism

    In insulin pump-treated patients with type 1 diabetes, the glucose increase after glucagon did not correlate with insulin levels.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, the glucose rise after glucagon was not linked to insulin levels.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeGlucose response correlation with insulin
    Study

    n = 8

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    and the increase was neither correlated with weight nor insulin levels.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  8. 08HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, glucose area under the curve increased significantly with increasing glucagon doses.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, glucose exposure increased with higher glucagon doses.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseGlucose area under curve dose response
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    lower glucagon doses
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Area under the plasma glucose curve, peak plasma glucose, time to peak plasma glucose and duration of plasma glucose level above baseline were significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses; however, these were not significantly different between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  9. 09HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, time to peak plasma glucose was significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, time to peak glucose was significantly enhanced with higher glucagon doses.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseTime to peak plasma glucose dose response
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    lower glucagon doses
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Area under the plasma glucose curve, peak plasma glucose, time to peak plasma glucose and duration of plasma glucose level above baseline were significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses; however, these were not significantly different between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  10. 10HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, the duration of glucose above baseline increased significantly with increasing glucagon doses.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, higher glucagon doses kept glucose above baseline for longer.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    IncreaseDuration above baseline glucose dose response
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    lower glucagon doses
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Area under the plasma glucose curve, peak plasma glucose, time to peak plasma glucose and duration of plasma glucose level above baseline were significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses; however, these were not significantly different between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  11. 11HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, glucose area under the curve did not differ significantly between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, glucose exposure did not differ significantly between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeGlucose area under curve at higher doses
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    200 µg glucagon
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Area under the plasma glucose curve, peak plasma glucose, time to peak plasma glucose and duration of plasma glucose level above baseline were significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses; however, these were not significantly different between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  12. 12HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, time to peak glucose did not differ significantly between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, time to peak glucose did not differ significantly between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeTime to peak glucose at higher doses
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    200 µg glucagon
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Area under the plasma glucose curve, peak plasma glucose, time to peak plasma glucose and duration of plasma glucose level above baseline were significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses; however, these were not significantly different between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  13. 13HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, glucose duration above baseline did not differ significantly between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, glucose duration above baseline did not differ significantly between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeDuration above baseline at higher doses
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    200 µg glucagon
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Area under the plasma glucose curve, peak plasma glucose, time to peak plasma glucose and duration of plasma glucose level above baseline were significantly enhanced with increasing glucagon doses; however, these were not significantly different between 200 and 300 µg glucagon.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  14. 14HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In insulin pump-treated patients with type 1 diabetes, free fatty acids were initially significantly lower after glucagon than saline.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, free fatty acids were initially lower after glucagon than saline.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    DecreaseFree fatty acids
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    saline
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Free fatty acids and heart rates were significantly lower initially after glucagon than after saline injection.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  15. 15HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In insulin pump-treated patients with type 1 diabetes, heart rates were initially significantly lower after glucagon than saline.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, heart rates were initially lower after glucagon than saline.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    DecreaseHeart rate
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    saline
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Free fatty acids and heart rates were significantly lower initially after glucagon than after saline injection.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.
  16. 16HumanRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome

    In patients with type 1 diabetes, other haemodynamic variables, counter-regulatory hormones and side effects did not differ between glucagon and saline interventions.

    In plain wordsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, other circulatory measures, counter-regulatory hormones and side effects did not differ between glucagon and saline.

    Peptide
    Glucagon
    Outcome
    No significant changeOther haemodynamic variables, counter-regulatory hormones and side effects
    Study

    n = 8

    Comparator
    saline
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Whole body
    Studied dose
    100, 200 and 300 µg · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Other haemodynamic variables, counter-regulatory hormones and side effects did not differ between interventions.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Eight insulin pump-treated patients completed a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Summary · context
    Hypoglycaemia was induced in the fasting state by an s.c. insulin bolus and, when plasma glucose reached 3.4 mmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-3.5], an s.c. bolus of either 100, 200, 300 µg glucagon or saline was administered.

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Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    27 Oct 2026, 16:35 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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