Nasal glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycaemia in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.

Rosenfalck AM, Bendtson I, Jørgensen S, Binder C

Diabetes research and clinical practice1 Jul 1992Cited by 22 (Europe PMC)

PMID1511660DOI10.1016/0168-8227(92)90042-pPepBankPUB-01511660

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study14

14 results from studies that gave the peptide. 14 results from people.

01HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, nasal glucagon 1 mg raised glucose by 1.9 +/- 0.7 mmol/l in 15 min, range 0.4-3.0.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, nasal glucagon increased blood glucose above its lowest level.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose increment, nasal 1 mg
Study
n = 12
Comparator
Glucose nadir
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
1 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Blood glucose increment, first 15 min
1.9 mmol/l
Nasal glucagon 1 mg; +/- 0.7 reported
Blood glucose increment range, first 15 min
0.4 to 3 mmol/l
Nasal glucagon 1 mg; +/- 0.7 reported
Source sentences
Summary
BG increments during the first 15 min after glucagon administration were: (A) 1.9 +/- 0.7 (0.4-3.0); (B) 2.5 +/- 0.7 (1.5-3.5); (C) 2.5 +/- 1.0 (1.2-4.7); and (D) 0.3 +/- 0.4 (0-1.0) mmol/l, respectively.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166001
02HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, nasal glucagon 2 mg raised glucose by 2.5 +/- 0.7 mmol/l in 15 min, range 1.5-3.5.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, the higher nasal glucagon dose increased blood glucose above its lowest level.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose increment, nasal 2 mg
Study
n = 12
Comparator
Glucose nadir
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
2 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Blood glucose increment, first 15 min
2.5 mmol/l
Nasal glucagon 2 mg; +/- 0.7 reported
Blood glucose increment range, first 15 min
1.5 to 3.5 mmol/l
Nasal glucagon 2 mg; +/- 0.7 reported
Source sentences
Summary
BG increments during the first 15 min after glucagon administration were: (A) 1.9 +/- 0.7 (0.4-3.0); (B) 2.5 +/- 0.7 (1.5-3.5); (C) 2.5 +/- 1.0 (1.2-4.7); and (D) 0.3 +/- 0.4 (0-1.0) mmol/l, respectively.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166002
03HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, intramuscular glucagon raised glucose by 2.5 +/- 1.0 mmol/l in 15 min, range 1.2-4.7.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, injected glucagon increased blood glucose above its lowest level.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose increment, intramuscular 1 mg
Study
n = 12
Comparator
Glucose nadir
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
1 mg · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Blood glucose increment, first 15 min
2.5 mmol/l
Intramuscular glucagon 1 mg; +/- 1.0 reported
Blood glucose increment range, first 15 min
1.2 to 4.7 mmol/l
Intramuscular glucagon 1 mg; +/- 1.0 reported
Source sentences
Summary
BG increments during the first 15 min after glucagon administration were: (A) 1.9 +/- 0.7 (0.4-3.0); (B) 2.5 +/- 0.7 (1.5-3.5); (C) 2.5 +/- 1.0 (1.2-4.7); and (D) 0.3 +/- 0.4 (0-1.0) mmol/l, respectively.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166003
04HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, nasal glucagon 1 mg increased glucose more than spontaneous recovery, P less than 0.00001.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, nasal glucagon raised blood glucose more than spontaneous recovery.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose recovery versus spontaneous recovery, nasal 1 mg
Study
n = 12
Comparator
Spontaneous recovery
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
1 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
p-value
< 0.00001 p
Nasal 1 mg vs spontaneous recovery
Source sentences
Summary
All treatments were more effective, measured as increments in BG, than spontaneous recovery, P less than 0.00001.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients. Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166004
05HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, nasal glucagon 2 mg increased glucose more than spontaneous recovery, P less than 0.00001.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, the higher nasal glucagon dose raised blood glucose more than spontaneous recovery.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose recovery versus spontaneous recovery, nasal 2 mg
Study
n = 12
Comparator
Spontaneous recovery
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
2 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
p-value
< 0.00001 p
Nasal 2 mg vs spontaneous recovery
Source sentences
Summary
All treatments were more effective, measured as increments in BG, than spontaneous recovery, P less than 0.00001.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients. Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166005
06HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, intramuscular glucagon increased glucose more than spontaneous recovery, P less than 0.00001.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, injected glucagon raised blood glucose more than spontaneous recovery.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose recovery versus spontaneous recovery, intramuscular
Study
n = 12
Comparator
Spontaneous recovery
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
1 mg · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
p-value
< 0.00001 p
Intramuscular 1 mg vs spontaneous recovery
Source sentences
Summary
All treatments were more effective, measured as increments in BG, than spontaneous recovery, P less than 0.00001.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients. Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166006
07HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, glucose recovery did not differ between nasal glucagon 2 mg and intramuscular glucagon 1 mg.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, the higher nasal glucagon dose and injected glucagon produced similar glucose recovery.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
No significant changeGlucose recovery, nasal versus intramuscular
Study
n = 12
Comparator
1 mg intramuscular glucagon
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
2 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There was no difference between nasal treatment with 2 mg (B) and i.m. treatment (C), both being more effective than 1 mg (A) nasal treatment, P less than 0.1.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166007
08HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, nasal glucagon 2 mg was more effective than nasal glucagon 1 mg, P less than 0.1.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, the higher nasal glucagon dose raised blood glucose more than the lower nasal dose.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose recovery, nasal dose comparison
Study
n = 12
Comparator
1 mg intranasal glucagon
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
2 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
p-value
< 0.1 p
Nasal 2 mg vs nasal 1 mg
Source sentences
Summary
There was no difference between nasal treatment with 2 mg (B) and i.m. treatment (C), both being more effective than 1 mg (A) nasal treatment, P less than 0.1.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166008
09HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, intramuscular glucagon was more effective than nasal glucagon 1 mg, P less than 0.1.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, injected glucagon raised blood glucose more than the lower nasal dose.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose recovery, intramuscular versus nasal
Study
n = 12
Comparator
1 mg intranasal glucagon
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
1 mg · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
p-value
< 0.1 p
IM 1 mg vs nasal 1 mg
Source sentences
Summary
There was no difference between nasal treatment with 2 mg (B) and i.m. treatment (C), both being more effective than 1 mg (A) nasal treatment, P less than 0.1.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166009
10HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, glucose continued increasing to 10 mmol/l at 90 min after intramuscular glucagon.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, blood glucose continued increasing after injected glucagon.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
IncreaseLater glucose trajectory, intramuscular
Study
n = 12
Comparator
Glucose nadir
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
1 mg · intramuscularAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Blood glucose after IM glucagon
≤ 10 mmol/l
Up to, at 90 min after IM glucagon
Source sentences
Summary
BG continued to increase up to 10 mmol/l 90 min after i.m. glucagon administration, whereas it stabilized at a level of 4.6-6 mmol/l, 30-45 min after nasal administration.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166010
11HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In diabetic patients, glucose stabilized at 4.6-6 mmol/l, 30-45 min after nasal glucagon.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, blood glucose stabilized after nasal glucagon.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
Not applicableLater glucose trajectory, nasal
Study
n = 12
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
1-2 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Blood glucose plateau after nasal glucagon
4.6 to 6 mmol/l
30-45 min after nasal administration
Time to plateau after nasal glucagon
30 to 45 min
After nasal administration
Source sentences
Summary
BG continued to increase up to 10 mmol/l 90 min after i.m. glucagon administration, whereas it stabilized at a level of 4.6-6 mmol/l, 30-45 min after nasal administration.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166011
12HumanNon-randomized trialSafety outcome
In diabetic patients, 80% reported nasal side effects described as local irritation, rhinitis or sneezing.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, nasal glucagon produced local irritation, rhinitis or sneezing in 80%.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
Not applicableNasal adverse effects
Study
n = 12
Outcome group
Adverse events · Whole body
Studied dose
1-2 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Patients with side effects to nasal administration
80%
Nasal glucagon; denominator not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Eighty percent of the patients had side-effects to nasal administration - local irritation, rhinitis or sneezing.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166012
13HumanNon-randomized trialSafety outcome
In diabetic patients, half sneezed after nasal glucagon, without correlation with delivered dose.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, half sneezed after nasal glucagon, without a relationship to dose.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
Not applicableSneezing
Study
n = 12
Outcome group
Adverse events · Respiratory
Studied dose
1-2 mg · intranasalAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Half of the patients sneezed, without correlation with the delivered dose of glucagon.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166015
14HumanNon-randomized trialSafety outcome
In diabetic patients, no reported side effects precluded further glucagon treatment.
In plain wordsIn diabetic patients, no side effects prevented further glucagon treatment.
Peptide
Glucagon
Outcome
Not applicableAdverse effects precluding further treatment
Study
n = 12
Outcome group
Adverse events · Whole body
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
None of the patients had side-effects which would preclude further treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients.
Summary · context
Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference.
Report a problemFND-0151166016

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Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
27 Oct 2026, 16:35 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

Journal Article

MeSH terms

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