Synthetic analog · 31 amino acids · 3,751.2 Da

Liraglutide studies and research data

PepBank has 1,219 liraglutide studies with results. 932 of them gave liraglutide, with 4,766 results, grouped by what the studies measured. In each group, results from studies in people come first. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Searches 4,766 results and 6,243 papers. Newer studies from Europe PMC

Results in people

4,468

94% of 4,766 results

Results in animals

236

5% of 4,766 results

Results in lab cells

under 1% of 4,766 results

From computer models

under 1% of 4,766 results

The molecule

Liraglutide identity

Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.

Liraglutide is an acylated analogue of human GLP-1(7-37). Lys34 is replaced by Arg, and Lys26 carries a palmitoyl (C16) chain through an L-gamma-Glu spacer; the FDA label gives 97% sequence homology to GLP-1 and states that the peptide precursor is made by recombinant expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk. It is approved in the US and EU for type 2 diabetes (Victoza) and weight management (Saxenda), and US ANDA generics have been approved since December 2024.

Kind: Synthetic analog · 31 residues
Identifiers: ChEMBLCHEMBL4084119 (opens in a new tab)PubChem CID16134956 (opens in a new tab)UNII839I73S42A (opens in a new tab)DrugBankDB06655 (opens in a new tab)CAS204656-20-2PDB4APD (opens in a new tab)KEGGD06404 (opens in a new tab)IUPHAR1133 (opens in a new tab)
Parent: Analog of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37), humanFDA label: analogue of human GLP-1 with 97% homology; Arg replaces Lys34 and a C16 fatty acid with a glutamic acid spacer is attached to Lys26. Positions use GLP-1 numbering (His7 = residue 1 of this record).
Development: Approved in the US and EU (Victoza, 2009)Novo NordiskFirst EU authorisation 2009-06-30 (Victoza). First FDA approval 2010-01-25 (Victoza, NDA022341, Type 1 new molecular entity). ChEMBL max_phase 4. ClinicalTrials.gov lists 514 studies for query.intr=liraglutide OR NN2211. Source (opens in a new tab)The note counts 514 studies from a registry search made when the note was written, with its own search terms. PepBank links 469 registered trials to Liraglutide today, so the two numbers differ.

Targets

Molecular targets with action and evidence source
Target	Action	Evidence
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptorGLP1RP43220 (opens in a new tab)	Agonist	approved-drug labelSource (opens in a new tab)

Sequence and structure

Residues, differences from the parent, calculated properties and 3D structure. Source values and calculated values are shown separately.

Sequence

31 amino acids · 1 modification

H-

HAEGTFTSDV

SSYLEGQAA

EFIAWLVRGR

-OH

Alignment to Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37)

Calculated from the two sequences. Curated notes are shown as given.

30 of 31 aligned residues identical (97%) · 1 substitution · 1 modified residue · Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37) 7–37

Top row: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37) (parent, numbered from 7)
Bottom row: Liraglutide

HAEGTFTSDV

SSYLEGQAA

EFIAWLVGR

Same as parent
Substituted
Non-canonical or D-form
Added
Gap
Modified side chain or end

Differences from the parent

1Parent 26 · analog 20Lys, modified · LipidationLys at GLP-1 position 26. N6 carries L-gamma-Glu, whose alpha-amine is acylated with hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl, C16). GSRS fragment N6-((S)-4-carboxy-4-palmitamidobutanoyl)-L-lysine (UNII BC7E3S0RGA). FDA label: C-16 fatty acid with a glutamic acid spacer on Lys26.
2Parent 34 · analog 28Lys → Arg · SubstitutionFDA label: Arg replaces Lys at position 34.

Basis: FDA label: analogue of human GLP-1 with 97% homology; Arg replaces Lys34 and a C16 fatty acid with a glutamic acid spacer is attached to Lys26. Positions use GLP-1 numbering (His7 = residue 1 of this record).

Calculated from the two sequences with @pepdb/chem alignToParent (ungapped unless a gap scores higher). The record’s curated notes are shown as given.

Properties

From identity sources

Formula: C₁₇₂H₂₆₅N₄₃O₅₁
Molecular weight: 3,751.2 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass: 3,748.9465 Da

GSRS UNII 839I73S42A(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
GSRS UNII BC7E3S0RGA(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
PubChem CID 16134956(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
ChEMBL CHEMBL4084119(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
Curated KEGG D06404(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
Curated FDA label (Victoza SPL 5a9ef4ea)(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08

Calculated from the sequence

pKa set

Some values cannot be calculated. A modification changes this value and is not modeled here (for example a lipid, metal or linker).

Average mass: Not calculated
Monoisotopic mass: Not calculated
Isoelectric point (pI): Not calculated
Net charge at pH 7.4: Not calculated
GRAVY (hydropathy): −0.255; Mean Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy · Kyte and Doolittle 1982; Negative: hydrophilic on average.
Extinction coefficient, 280 nm (Cys reduced): 6,990 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹; 5500 x Trp + 1490 x Tyr · Pace et al. 1995 (ExPASy ProtParam)
Instability index: 15.64; Dipeptide instability weights (DIWV) · Guruprasad et al. 1990; 40 or below: classed as stable (ExPASy).
Aliphatic index: 69.4; Mole % A + 2.9 V + 3.9 (I + L) · Ikai 1980
Boman index: 1.55 kcal/mol; Mean solubility value (negated) · Boman 2003; 2.48 or below: lower protein-binding potential (Boman).
Hydrophobic moment (μH): 0.574; Eisenberg scale, 100° per residue, best 11-residue window · Eisenberg et al. 1982, 1984

Not included: lipid chain. Mass, charge and pI are not calculated; use the identity-source values.
Defined and validated for proteins; use with care for short peptides.
Assumes an ideal alpha helix. Many short peptides are not helical.

@pepdb/chem 0.2.0 · EMBOSS pKa set · ExPASy residue masses

Net charge by pH

No charge curve

A modification changes this value and is not modeled here (for example a lipid, metal or linker).

Composition

Hydrophobic29% (9)A I L V
Aromatic13% (4)F W Y
Positive13% (4)H K R
Negative13% (4)D E
Polar19% (6)Q S T
Special13% (4)G

31 residues. Each residue counts in one class; F and W count as aromatic.

A Ala4 · 13%

I Ile1 · 3%

L Leu2 · 6%

M Met0 · 0%

V Val2 · 6%

F Phe2 · 6%

W Trp1 · 3%

Y Tyr1 · 3%

H His1 · 3%

K Lys1 · 3%

R Arg2 · 6%

D Asp1 · 3%

E Glu3 · 10%

N Asn0 · 0%

Q Gln1 · 3%

S Ser3 · 10%

T Thr2 · 6%

C Cys0 · 0%

G Gly4 · 13%

P Pro0 · 0%

3D structure

ExperimentalPDB 4APD

Loads the 3D viewer (3Dmol.js, about 150 KB) and the model file from RCSB PDB.

2D structure

Liraglutide has 31 residues. A full-atom drawing is hard to read at this size; the sequence view is the reference.

SMILES fromPubChem CID 16134956(opens in a new tab)

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)NCCCC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C32)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC6=CN=CN6)N)C(=O)O

Helical wheel

An ideal alpha-helix projection. It shows where the hydrophobic residues fall if the peptide folds as a helix. It does not show that it does.

μH, residues shown: 0.065
μH, best 11-residue window: 0.574
Arrow direction: 295°
Residues: 31 · 2 rings of 18

HydrophilicHydrophobic

Eisenberg consensus (normalized) scale · + K, R · − D, E

Assumes an ideal α-helix: 100° per residue, 3.6 residues per turn. The arrow is the mean hydrophobic moment (Eisenberg et al. 1984) and points at the hydrophobic face.

Show as table

Position	Residue	Angle	Eisenberg consensus (normalized)
1	H	0°	-0.40
2	A	100°	0.62
3	E	200°	-0.74
4	G	300°	0.48
5	T	40°	-0.05
6	F	140°	1.19
7	T	240°	-0.05
8	S	340°	-0.18
9	D	80°	-0.90
10	V	180°	1.08
11	S	280°	-0.18
12	S	20°	-0.18
13	Y	120°	0.26
14	L	220°	1.06
15	E	320°	-0.74
16	G	60°	0.48
17	Q	160°	-0.85
18	A	260°	0.62
19	A	0°	0.62
20	K	100°	-1.50
21	E	200°	-0.74
22	F	300°	1.19
23	I	40°	1.38
24	A	140°	0.62
25	W	240°	0.81
26	L	340°	1.06
27	V	80°	1.08
28	R	180°	-2.53
29	G	280°	0.48
30	R	20°	-2.53
31	G	120°	0.48

Results by area

Liraglutide results by year and outcome

Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Studies by year

1,219 of 6,243 studies have results (20%), published 2002 to 2026. Top row: every study. Bottom row: studies with results about Liraglutide, by class. The rows use different scales.

Studies
Human
Animal
Lab
Computer model
Natural levels, tool or combination only

Studies6,239 in all, 2001 to 2027

Studies with results1,219 in all, 2002 to 2026

Retracted studies are left out. A study with results in two classes counts in both.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

What the studies measured

People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Liraglutide studies on blood sugar

1,129 results · people 1,075 · animals 49 · lab 1 · computer models 4

Top 5 of 1,129 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes on metformin, blood sugar stayed controlled 44 weeks longer with liraglutide than with an added tablet.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2022
In adults with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, insulin-making function held steady on liraglutide but fell on placebo over 52 weeks.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2024
In adults with type 2 diabetes at high heart risk, liraglutide and placebo gave similar rates of foot ulcers.Diabetes care, 2018
In adults with type 2 diabetes, the combination raised the insulin secretion ratio more than insulin degludec alone.Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2015
In adults with NASH, liraglutide improved how well the liver responds to insulin compared with placebo.Journal of hepatology, 2016

Liraglutide studies on weight and appetite

1,026 results · people 992 · animals 34 · lab 0

Top 5 of 1,026 results

In adults with obesity or overweight without diabetes, liraglutide lowered body weight more than placebo after 56 weeks.The New England journal of medicine, 2015
In overweight adults with type 1 diabetes, total energy intake did not differ significantly between liraglutide and placebo.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2022
In insulin-treated people with type 2 diabetes, adding liraglutide reduced belly fat at 24 weeks compared with insulin alone.Endocrine journal, 2017
In adults with obesity, liraglutide did not change the body's own total GDF-15 levels, even though body weight changed.Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2022
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide reduced brain activity in a region responding to highly desirable food pictures compared with placebo.Diabetologia, 2016

Liraglutide studies on side effects

689 results · people 678 · animals 11 · lab 0

Top 5 of 689 results

In overweight or obese Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes, diarrhea was less frequent with liraglutide than with metformin.Endocrine journal, 2015
In children with obesity, side effects were reported by a similar share of children on liraglutide and on placebo.Pediatric obesity, 2019
In Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes on an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, liraglutide and an extra pill had similar adverse event rates.Journal of diabetes investigation, 2018
In Japanese adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, liraglutide modestly raised blood amylase, a pancreatic enzyme.Clinical drug investigation, 2015
In adolescents with obesity, one suicide occurred in the liraglutide group; the investigator judged it unlikely to be related to treatment.The New England journal of medicine, 2020

Liraglutide studies on heart and blood vessels

538 results · people 514 · animals 21 · lab 2 · computer models 1

Top 5 of 538 results

In patients with a heart attack of the NSTEMI type, liraglutide improved heart pumping function at 3 months more than placebo.Endocrine, 2016
In adults with type 2 diabetes and high heart risk, fewer people on liraglutide had a heart attack, stroke or heart death than on placebo.The New England journal of medicine, 2016
In adults with hypertension and type 2 diabetes, liraglutide lowered 24-hour systolic blood pressure more than placebo.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2019
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide and empagliflozin did not differ significantly in their effect on arterial stiffness after 3 months.Journal of diabetes and its complications, 2023
In adults with obesity who had lost weight, liraglutide lowered a metabolic syndrome severity score more than placebo.Cardiovascular diabetology, 2023

Liraglutide studies on cholesterol and blood fats

143 results · people 137 · animals 3 · lab 3

Top 5 of 143 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide lowered blood fat after a fatty meal compared with placebo.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2013
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide lowered 21 blood fats more than placebo did.BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2021
In adults with type 2 diabetes, new lipid problems were about the same with liraglutide as with the other three drugs.The New England journal of medicine, 2022
In patients with schizophrenia on clozapine or olanzapine, liraglutide lowered LDL cholesterol more than placebo.JAMA psychiatry, 2017
In an exploratory analysis of people who started liraglutide, small LDL particles rose again after the drug was stopped.Atherosclerosis, 2019

Liraglutide studies on liver

136 results · people 127 · animals 9 · lab 0

Top 4 of 136 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes and fatty liver, liver fat fell after 24 weeks in all three treatment groups, including liraglutide.Journal of diabetes, 2017
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not significantly change a marker of fat burning.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2019
In overweight patients with NASH, liraglutide cleared the liver disease in more patients than placebo did over 48 weeks.Lancet, 2016
In adults with type 2 diabetes and fatty liver, adding liraglutide to metformin lowered liver fat over 26 weeks.Hepatology, 2019

Liraglutide studies on immune system and inflammation

126 results · people 108 · animals 15 · lab 3

Top 5 of 126 results

In brain-dead organ donors, liraglutide lowered the rise in blood IL-6 compared with placebo.Liver transplantation, 2024
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not reduce inflammation in artery walls more than placebo over 26 weeks.Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging, 2021
In adults with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, liraglutide raised blood levels of adiponectin, a hormone linked to metabolism.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2020
In people with type 2 diabetes, 8.3% developed low levels of antibodies to liraglutide 1.8 mg after 26 weeks.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2011
In brain-dead organ donors, liraglutide did not change activity of inflammation genes in the liver.Liver transplantation, 2024

Liraglutide studies on kidneys and bladder

104 results · people 99 · animals 3 · lab 0 · computer models 2

Top 5 of 104 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes, kidney function declined at a similar rate on liraglutide as on sitagliptin, glimepiride or insulin glargine.JAMA internal medicine, 2023
In adults with type 2 diabetes, new small-vessel complications were not significantly different with liraglutide than with glimepiride or sitagliptin.BMJ, 2022
In healthy men, liraglutide (NN2211) did not clearly change packed cell volume in the blood.Diabetologia, 2002
In adults with obesity and prediabetes, liraglutide did not change the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2023
In adults with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria, liraglutide reduced urinary albumin loss more than placebo.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2017

Liraglutide studies on daily life and fitness

98 results · people 96 · animals 2 · lab 0

Top 5 of 98 results

In Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes, treatment satisfaction improved less with continued liraglutide than with a switch to weekly dulaglutide.Journal of diabetes investigation, 2019
In people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide improved treatment satisfaction more than exenatide over 26 weeks.Diabetic medicine, 2011
In overweight adults with type 1 diabetes, apart from perceived low blood sugar, patient-reported outcomes were no different with liraglutide than placebo.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2016
In adults with type 1 diabetes, quality of life increased more with liraglutide than with placebo.Diabetes care, 2016
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change peak exercise oxygen use compared with placebo.Diabetes & metabolism, 2019

Liraglutide studies on blood levels and clearance

96 results · people 92 · animals 3 · lab 1

Top 5 of 96 results

In healthy volunteers, a liraglutide copy reached peak blood levels comparable to the original product.Clinical pharmacology in drug development, 2023
In animals, liraglutide crossed the brain barrier at the two higher doses at 30 minutes.BMC neuroscience, 2012
In people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide blood levels were higher in those on dialysis than in those with normal kidney function.Diabetes care, 2016
In animals, the lowest liraglutide dose produced no detectable increase in brain entry at 30 minutes.BMC neuroscience, 2012
In healthy Chinese men, peak blood levels of the biosimilar and Victoza were within the accepted equivalence range.Clinical and translational science, 2022

Liraglutide studies on use, access and costs

102 results · people 91 · animals 0 · lab 0 · computer models 11

Top 5 of 102 results

In adults with HFpEF, liraglutide was linked to lower 1-year hospitalization versus dulaglutide.Endocrine practice, 2026
After gastric bypass weight recurrence, 65% taking liraglutide and 53.4% taking placebo completed the trial.Surgery for obesity and related diseases, 2025
In adults with type 2 diabetes, people on once-daily liraglutide were more likely to be non-adherent than people on once-weekly GLP-1 drugs.International journal of clinical practice, 2021
In adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, glimepiride adherence was 5% higher than liraglutide adherence at 3 years.Diabetes care, 2026
In women with type 2 diabetes, cost-effectiveness did not differ significantly between liraglutide and dulaglutide.Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023

Liraglutide studies on stomach and gut

87 results · people 76 · animals 11 · lab 0

Top 5 of 87 results

In adults with bile acid diarrhoea, more people on liraglutide than on colesevelam had fewer stools.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2022
In obese adults, liraglutide slowed how fast the stomach emptied solid food at 5 weeks, compared with placebo.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2017
In overweight people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change how well the pancreas makes digestive fluids.Diabetes care, 2017
In people with bile acid diarrhea, gut bacteria in stool did not change with liraglutide or with colesevelam.Clinical and translational gastroenterology, 2024
In obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide 1.8 mg and 3.0 mg gave similar stomach emptying over five hours.International journal of obesity, 2014

Liraglutide studies on receptors and cell signals

82 results · people 50 · animals 6 · lab 26

Top 5 of 82 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change blood GDF15 levels compared with placebo.Experimental physiology, 2024
In type 2 diabetes, total extracellular vesicles fell after liraglutide added to metformin, independently of HbA1c or weight changes.Journal of diabetes and its complications, 2026
In adults with obesity, liraglutide changed 124 measured blood proteins more than placebo.Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2026
In people with obesity, liraglutide appeared to affect learning through GLP-1 receptor action in a brain reward pathway.Nature metabolism, 2023
In adults with obesity, natural GLP-1 levels after meals fell from baseline with liraglutide.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2020

Liraglutide studies on hormones

49 results · people 49 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 5 of 49 results

In adults with obesity after weight loss, liraglutide did not change the measured post-meal GLP-1 response versus placebo.Obesity, 2026
In adults with obesity, liraglutide lowered the after-meal rise of the gut hormone FGF19 compared with placebo after the first dose.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2023
In healthy adults, aldosterone tended to fall after one liraglutide dose, but the change was not statistically significant.Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 2017
In adults with type 2 diabetes, blood levels of the heart hormone ANP rose after 12 weeks of liraglutide treatment.Cardiovascular diabetology, 2014
In people with type 2 diabetes or obesity, blood calcitonin stayed low during liraglutide treatment.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2011

Liraglutide studies on sex hormones and fertility

49 results · people 49 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 5 of 49 results

In women with obesity and PCOS, liraglutide 3 mg lowered the free androgen index, while it rose slightly with placebo.Fertility and sterility, 2022
In women with PCOS, liraglutide improved the bleeding pattern more than placebo did.Reproductive biomedicine online, 2017
In women with PCOS, liraglutide treatment raised sex-hormone-binding globulin levels.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2018
In overweight women with PCOS, liraglutide plus metformin improved the menstrual cycle.Endocrine, 2024
In overweight women with PCOS, liraglutide plus metformin improved luteinizing hormone levels.Endocrine, 2024

Liraglutide studies on survival and serious illness

55 results · people 47 · animals 1 · lab 0 · computer models 7

Top 5 of 55 results

In people with type 2 diabetes and eGFR of 60 or higher, liraglutide did not clearly change heart-related deaths versus placebo.Circulation, 2018
In adults with type 2 diabetes, deaths from any cause were about the same with liraglutide as with the other three drugs.The New England journal of medicine, 2022
In brain-dead organ donors, liraglutide did not increase the organ recovery rate compared with placebo.Liver transplantation, 2024
In adults with short bowel syndrome, the energy given by intravenous nutrition fell significantly.Nutrients, 2023
In FAERS reports, liraglutide showed a completed-suicide reporting signal based on 14 cases.International journal of clinical pharmacy, 2026

Liraglutide studies on bones and joints

33 results · people 26 · animals 7 · lab 0

Top 3 of 33 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change bone density differently from glimepiride over two years.Endocrine practice, 2016
In adults with type 2 diabetes, a bone breakdown marker rose in both groups, and liraglutide did not change it differently from placebo.Bone, 2020
In weight-reduced obese women, bone mineral content did not drop significantly with liraglutide, but it dropped in the control group.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2015

Liraglutide studies on mood, stress and behavior

26 results · people 25 · animals 1 · lab 0

Top 5 of 26 results

In reviewed people with mood disorders, liraglutide improved depression; the exact comparison and signed score change were unstated.Brain and behavior, 2025
In Swedish people with alcohol use disorder, liraglutide use was linked to fewer alcohol-related hospitalizations than their nonuse periods.JAMA psychiatry, 2025
In a subgroup analysis, suicide was more common in people on liraglutide than in people on semaglutide.Medicine, 2025
In participants with obesity and mental illness, liraglutide did not differ from control in psychiatric hospitalization.Translational psychiatry, 2026
In patients with diabetes, liraglutide use showed no significant reduction in new alcohol-use disorders compared with DPP4 inhibitor use.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026

Liraglutide studies on memory and thinking

25 results · people 22 · animals 3 · lab 0

Top 3 of 25 results

In mild or moderate Alzheimer disease without diabetes, liraglutide improved the executive-function score versus placebo, with unadjusted P=0.01.Nature medicine, 2026
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide for 12 weeks gave better thinking test scores than the control group.Journal of the American Heart Association, 2021
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide improved brain activation in a memory area in response to smell; dapagliflozin and acarbose did not.Diabetes care, 2022

Liraglutide studies on cells, genes and aging

32 results · people 21 · animals 11 · lab 0

Top 5 of 32 results

In patients with T2DM, the oxidative stress marker changed similarly with liraglutide and dulaglutide.Diabetes therapy, 2019
In people with type 2 diabetes and protein in the urine, liraglutide did not change a urine marker of DNA damage compared with placebo.Scientific reports, 2021
In patients with a heart attack of the NSTEMI type, signs of oxidative stress improved more with liraglutide than with placebo.Endocrine, 2016
In adults with type 2 diabetes, the oxidative stress marker MDA fell after 3 months of liraglutide.Medicine, 2024
In metformin-treated adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide was linked to a greater plasma amyloid-beta1-40 reduction than insulin.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2026

Liraglutide studies on sleep

15 results · people 15 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 5 of 15 results

In adults with obesity and moderate or severe sleep apnea, liraglutide 3.0 mg reduced breathing interruptions during sleep more than placebo did.International journal of obesity, 2016
In adults with type 2 diabetes and severe sleep apnea, liraglutide plus CPAP gave fewer breathing pauses than CPAP and usual drugs alone.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 2023
In people with overweight or obesity and COPD, liraglutide lowered apnea episodes more than placebo.Clinical obesity, 2026
In people with sleep apnea, liraglutide alone reduced breathing interruptions less than CPAP alone or the combination did.Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2024
In adults with obesity keeping weight off, liraglutide users slept longer than placebo users after 26 weeks.Sleep, 2023

Liraglutide studies on brain and nerves

59 results · people 14 · animals 45 · lab 0

Top 5 of 59 results

In adults with type 1 diabetes and nerve damage, liraglutide did not change how well the brain nerves worked.British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2019
In adults with type 1 diabetes, liraglutide did not change the thickness of a retinal nerve layer compared with placebo.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics, 2022
In people with Alzheimer's disease, liraglutide raised the brain's glucose transfer capacity more than placebo, to a level equal to healthy volunteers.Scientific reports, 2017
In middle-aged adults with memory worries, liraglutide improved brain network connectivity more than placebo after 12 weeks.Behavioural brain research, 2019
In adults with type 1 diabetes, liraglutide did not change retinal nerve layer thickness in any area compared with placebo.Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics, 2022

Liraglutide studies on skin, hair and wounds

14 results · people 14 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 5 of 14 results

In obese adults with psoriasis, liraglutide did not improve psoriasis severity more than placebo after 8 weeks.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2015
After breast surgery following liraglutide use, delayed wound healing occurred; one patient continued treatment and the other stopped seven days before surgery.Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2025
In adults with psoriasis and type 2 diabetes, psoriasis severity scores changed more with liraglutide than in the control group.The Journal of dermatological treatment, 2022
After breast surgery following liraglutide use, wound opening occurred; one patient continued treatment and the other stopped seven days before surgery.Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2025
In people with psoriasis and type 2 diabetes, psoriasis scores were lower after GLP-1 drug treatment than before it.The Journal of dermatological treatment, 2022

Liraglutide studies on lungs and breathing

12 results · people 11 · animals 0 · lab 1

Top 5 of 12 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide improved lung capacity more than placebo.Diabetes, 2022
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not raise the number of circulating repair cells, while exenatide did.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention, 2018
In people with obesity and COPD, liraglutide raised forced vital capacity more than placebo did.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2022
In cells, liraglutide improved the function of blood vessel lining cells grown with the macrophages.International heart journal, 2024
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change the other lung measures compared with placebo.Diabetes, 2022

Liraglutide studies on blood and clotting

8 results · people 8 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 3 of 8 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide briefly reduced collagen-induced platelet clumping compared with placebo in the first week.Journal of diabetes and its complications, 2022
In young obese women with and without PCOS, liraglutide was linked to a smaller clot lysis area, to a similar degree.BMC endocrine disorders, 2015
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide briefly reduced arachidonic acid-induced platelet clumping compared with placebo in the first week.Journal of diabetes and its complications, 2022

Liraglutide studies on muscles and tendons

7 results · people 7 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 3 of 7 results

In adults with obesity, liraglutide decreased trunk lean mass more than placebo.Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2026
In adults with obesity, liraglutide lowered myostatin more than placebo.Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2026
One study suggested that liraglutide could reduce fat mass without worsening sarcopenia in older adults with obesity.Obesity, 2026

Liraglutide studies on metabolism and nutrition

7 results · people 6 · animals 1 · lab 0

Top 5 of 7 results

In people with bile acid diarrhea, liraglutide slightly raised unconjugated bile acids in the blood.Clinical and translational gastroenterology, 2024
In obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide lowered blood tyrosine, an amino acid.Cardiovascular diabetology, 2019
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not clearly change energy burned at rest compared with placebo or glimepiride.Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2012
In adults with heart failure, blood metabolite patterns did not differ between those given liraglutide and those given placebo.Scientific reports, 2022
In people with bile acid diarrhea, liraglutide did not change bile acids in stool.Clinical and translational gastroenterology, 2024

Liraglutide studies on growth hormone and growth

5 results · people 5 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 3 of 5 results

In adults with type 2 diabetes, IGF-1 modestly increased with liraglutide in the placebo crossover trial, with a significant time-by-treatment interaction.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026
In obese adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes, IGF-II blood levels rose with liraglutide but not with lifestyle counselling.Diabetes care, 2017
In adults with type 2 diabetes, no liraglutide effects on other MAFI components were reported in the placebo crossover trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026

Liraglutide studies on overall treatment results

5 results · people 5 · animals 0 · lab 0

5 results

In one potential kidney donor with obesity, later examinations found no surgical barrier to kidney donation after liraglutide treatment and lifestyle changes.Reports, 2025
In MASLD cohorts, liraglutide was linked to higher hazard for the unspecified clinical outcome than semaglutide.Hepatology communications, 2025
In overweight or obese women with PCOS, liraglutide alone beat metformin only on weight loss; the abstract reports no advantage on other outcomes.Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2022
In children and adolescents, liraglutide showed little to no benefit on the other outcomes measured in two trials.Pediatric obesity, 2024
In one woman with obesity receiving liraglutide and lifestyle care, successful kidney donation followed clinical work-up; an isolated drug effect was unproven.Reports, 2025

Liraglutide studies on eyes

4 results · people 4 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 3 of 4 results

In Japanese patients with T2D, liraglutide and dulaglutide showed no significant new retinopathy-risk difference.Journal of diabetes investigation, 2026
In adults with type 2 diabetes and no eye disease at the start, most still had none after liraglutide use.Medicine, 2024
In adults with type 2 diabetes and existing eye disease, about one in four showed improvement after liraglutide use. The study had no comparison group.Medicine, 2024

Liraglutide studies on sexual and women's health

4 results · people 4 · animals 0 · lab 0

Top 3 of 4 results

In men with metabolic hypogonadism, liraglutide improved erectile function compared with baseline.Journal of clinical medicine, 2023
In obese men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone, adding liraglutide to their treatment was linked to higher erectile function scores.Andrology, 2015
In men with metabolic hypogonadism, liraglutide improved erectile function compared with urofollitropin and hCG.Journal of clinical medicine, 2023

Liraglutide studies on infections

1 result · people 1 · animals 0 · lab 0

1 result

In adults treated for H. pylori, eradication did not differ significantly with liraglutide versus no GLP-1 drug exposure.Helicobacter, 2025

Trials and papers

Liraglutide trials

Registered trials that test the peptide, with phase, status and dates. A dot marks trials with posted results.

StatusPhase

469 trials match. Highest phase first. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

Trials on this page (25 of 469)

25 of 469 trials

Completed
Ongoing
Not yet recruiting
Stopped
Estimated dates (est.)
Results posted

2015202020252030

Ph 4
LIRA-NAFLD/LIP
NCT02721888
10 Jul 2012 to 2 Oct 2019 (primary)
Terminated
Terminated
Ph 4
The Effect of Liraglutide on Dietary Lipid Induced Insulin Resistance in Humans
NCT02403284
Mar 2013 to 1 Nov 2023
Ph 4
GLP1 et Goût
NCT02674893
4 Feb 2014 to 31 Aug 2016
Terminated
Terminated
Ph 4
Saxenda: Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes
NCT02944500
Nov 2016 to est. Jun 2027
Ph 4
STRIVE
NCT03036800
28 Nov 2017 to 25 Feb 2022
Ph 4
Liraglutide Effects on Epicardial Fat Inflammatory Genes
NCT03260881
1 Sept 2018 to 5 Sept 2024
Ph 4
LiraGooD
NCT03087032
10 Jan 2019 to est. 10 Feb 2025
Ph 4
ZQL007
NCT03883412
28 Feb 2019 to est. Dec 2027
Ph 4
LEAF
NCT03856632
18 Mar 2019 to est. 31 Dec 2026
Ph 4
EMPOWER-T2D
NCT04531176
1 Sept 2020 to 4 Aug 2023
Terminated
Terminated

Browse all 469 matching trials in the list below

25 trials · 10 ongoing · 2 not yet recruiting · 8 completed · 3 stopped early · 6 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

RecruitingPhase 4NCT03883412

Effect of Exercise and/or Liraglutide on Vascular Dysfunction and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes ( ZQL007)

University of Virginian = 6028 Feb 2019 to est. Dec 2027

Type2 Diabetes

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 12 Aug 2026

Active, not recruitingPhase 4NCT07590219

Use of Liraglutide in Children Aged 6 to 12 Years With Severe Obesity

University of Sao Paulo General Hospitaln = 3030 Mar 2024 to est. Apr 2028

Severe Obesity · Cardiovascular Function · Liraglutide · Childhood Obesity · Echocardiography · Speckle Tracking

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 15 May 2026

RecruitingPhase 4NCT04575844

Effects of Exercise and GLP-1 Agonism on Muscle Microvascular Perfusion and Insulin Action in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

University of Virginian = 801 Nov 2020 to est. 30 Apr 2027

Metabolic Syndrome

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 6 May 2026

Active, not recruitingPhase 4NCT02944500

Saxenda: Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centern = 28Nov 2016 to est. Jun 2027

Obesity

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 1 May 2026

Active, not recruitingPhase 4NCT03856632

Liraglutide Effect in Atrial Fibrillation

University of Miamin = 6018 Mar 2019 to est. 31 Dec 2026

Atrial Fibrillation

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 1 May 2026

Not yet recruitingPhase 4NCT07301437

RWS of of Liraglutide Alone and in Combination With Orlistat for Weight Loss in Overweight/Obese Patients.

The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicinen = 120est. 1 May 2026 to est. 31 Aug 2027

Overweight and Obese Adults

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 23 Mar 2026

RecruitingPhase 4NCT05681299

Effects of GH and Lirglutide on AgRP

Columbia Universityn = 401 May 2023 to est. 30 Apr 2028

Healthy · Growth Hormone Deficiency

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 4 Mar 2026

TerminatedPhase 4NCT02674893

Effect of Victoza on Dietary Preferences and Habit in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijonn = 484 Feb 2014 to 31 Aug 2016

Type 2 Diabetes · Overweight

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 9 Feb 2026

TerminatedPhase 4NCT02721888

Effect of Liraglutide on Fatty Liver Content and Lipoprotein Metabolism

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijonn = 12710 Jul 2012 to 2 Oct 2019 (primary)

Type 2 Diabetes

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 6 Feb 2026

CompletedPhase 4NCT07374445

Research on Timing of Liraglutide Therapy in Patients With Obesity After Metabolic Surgery

The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical Schooln = 1001 Sept 2023 to 1 Jun 2025

Obesity · Weight Loss · Bariatric Surgery

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 28 Jan 2026

CompletedPhase 4Results postedNCT05579249

A Research Study Comparing Wegovy to Other Weight Management Drugs in People Living With Obesity in America

Novo Nordisk A/Sn = 50019 Jan 2023 to 27 Nov 2024

Obesity

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 14 Jan 2026

Active, not recruitingPhase 4NCT07325435

Beta Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes: Differential Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLIP-Receptor Agonists

MaryAnn Banerjin = 6021 Dec 2024 to est. 30 Jun 2028

Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 8 Jan 2026

CompletedPhase 4Results postedNCT06533527

Holding vs. Continuing Incretin-based Therapies Before Upper Endoscopy

The Cleveland Clinicn = 6931 Jul 2024 to 20 May 2025

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 · Obesity · Gastroparesis

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 5 Dec 2025

RecruitingPhase 4NCT07244003

Efficacy and Safety of the Met+SGLT-2i+GLP-1RA in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Poor Glycemic Control

Hangzhou Zhongmei Huadong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.n = 43029 Mar 2025 to est. 30 Jun 2028

T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus)

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 24 Nov 2025

CompletedPhase 4Results postedNCT03260881

Liraglutide Effects on Epicardial Fat Inflammatory Genes

University of Miamin = 381 Sept 2018 to 5 Sept 2024

Type2 Diabetes · Coronary Artery Disease

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 8 Jul 2025

RecruitingPhase 4NCT06742710

Liraglutide Treatment in Obese Infertile PCOS Women

Peking University Third Hospitaln = 89022 May 2025 to est. 31 Dec 2029

PCOS · Obesity · Infertility

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 29 May 2025

Not yet recruitingPhase 4NCT06865365

Preoperative Use of Liraglutide Additionally to Common Dietological Measures as Opposed to Dietological Measures Alone

Medical University of Viennan = 72est. 1 May 2025 to est. 1 Feb 2028

Obesity, Adolescent

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 21 Mar 2025

CompletedPhase 4Results postedNCT04881110

Liraglutide and Peripheral Artery Disease

University of Campania Luigi Vanvitellin = 601 Feb 2021 to 31 Dec 2022

Type 2 Diabetes · Peripheral Arterial Disease

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 3 Mar 2025

RecruitingPhase 4NCT03087032

Liraglutide-bolus vs Glargine-bolus Therapy in Overweight/Obese Type 2 Diabetes Patients (LiraGooD)

The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Universityn = 16410 Jan 2019 to est. 10 Feb 2025

Type 2 Diabetes Patients · Overweight and Obesity · Hyperglycaemia (Diabetic)

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 13 Jan 2025

TerminatedPhase 4Results postedNCT04531176

EMI-EHP Weight Management and Type 2 Diabetes Pragmatic Trial

The Cleveland Clinicn = 741 Sept 2020 to 4 Aug 2023

Type 2 Diabetes · Obesity

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 19 Sept 2024

CompletedPhase 4Results postedNCT03036800

Saxenda in Obesity Services (STRIVE Study)

University of Leicestern = 39228 Nov 2017 to 25 Feb 2022

Obesity · Weight Loss · Diabetes Mellitus

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 13 Aug 2024

CompletedPhase 4NCT02403284

The Effect of Liraglutide on Dietary Lipid Induced Insulin Resistance in Humans

Phoenix VA Health Care Systemn = 97Mar 2013 to 1 Nov 2023

Insulin Resistance

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 22 Jul 2024

Status unknownPhase 4NCT06501326

Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide in the Treatment of Obesity Combined With Metabolism Associated Fatty Liver Disease

Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Universityn = 1021 Nov 2023 to est. 28 Feb 2025

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease · Obesity

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 15 Jul 2024

Status unknownPhase 4NCT06438146

LIROH - Liraglutide for Obesity in HIV

Brigham and Women's Hospitaln = 402 May 2024 to est. May 2025

Obesity · HIV Infections

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 31 May 2024

CompletedPhase 4NCT06201819

Liraglutide Effectiveness in Preoperative Weight-loss for Bariatric-metabolic Surgery

Hospital Civil Juan I. Menchacan = 3718 Dec 2022 to 1 May 2023

Weight Loss · Bariatric Surgery Candidate · Obesity, Morbid

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 18 Jan 2024

49 more mention it but do not test it. They are not trials of Liraglutide: they only measure it (a blood level or an eligibility term) or name it in their text.

Papers

Studies on this peptide. Some have results. The others have none yet.

Sort

Design

6,243 studies match. Retracted studies are left out.

Showing 25 of 6,243 studiesquery qry_a7b7a386955c77469a95afa0

Studies with results

1,219 studies in all, 10 on this page

Randomized controlled trial · 2016

8 results

Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

Marso et al. 2016The New England journal of medicinen = 9,340cited by 5,535

PMID 27295427PMC4985288DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1603827PUB-27295427

Rights unknown8 results where Liraglutide was given

Source link See results (8)

Randomized controlled trial · 2015

6 results

A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management.

Pi-Sunyer et al. 2015The New England journal of medicinen = 3,731cited by 1,954

PMID 26132939DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1411892PUB-26132939

Rights unknown6 results where Liraglutide was given

Source link See results (6)

Randomized controlled trial · 2016

7 results

Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study.

Armstrong et al. 2016Lancet (London, England)n = 45cited by 1,668

PMID 26608256DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00803-xPUB-26608256

Rights unknown7 results where Liraglutide was given

Source link See results (7)

Randomized controlled trial · 2009

16 results

Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6).

Buse et al. 2009Lancet (London, England)n = 464cited by 1,104

PMID 19515413DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60659-0PUB-19515413

Full text at the publisher7 results where Liraglutide was given

Publisher page See results (16)

Randomized controlled trial · 2017

4 results

Liraglutide and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

Mann et al. 2017The New England journal of medicinen = 9,340cited by 920

PMID 28854085DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1616011PUB-28854085

Full text at the publisher4 results where Liraglutide was given

Publisher page See results (4)

Randomized controlled trial · 2009

8 results

Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study.

Nauck et al. 2009Diabetes caren = 1,091cited by 849

PMID 18931095PMC2606836DOI 10.2337/dc08-1355PUB-18931095

Free to read · publisher termsCC BY-NC-ND8 results where Liraglutide was given

Read at source See results (8)

Randomized controlled trial · 2009

4 results

Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial.

Garber et al. 2009Lancet (London, England)cited by 798

PMID 18819705DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61246-5PUB-18819705

Full text at the publisher4 results where Liraglutide was given

Publisher page See results (4)

Not a test of Liraglutide alone · 2007

6 results

Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Amori et al. 2007JAMAcited by 755

PMID 17622601DOI 10.1001/jama.298.2.194PUB-17622601

Full text at the publisher6 results where Liraglutide was a tool, carrier or part of a combination

Publisher page See results (6)

Randomized controlled trial · 2022

14 results

Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Rubino et al. 2022JAMAn = 127cited by 749

PMID 35015037PMC8753508DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.23619PUB-35015037

Rights unknown7 results where Liraglutide was given

Source link See results (14)

Not a test of Liraglutide alone · 2012

12 results

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials.

Vilsbøll et al. 2012BMJ (Clinical research ed.)cited by 672

PMID 22236411PMC3256253DOI 10.1136/bmj.d7771PUB-22236411

Free to read · publisher termsCC BY-NC12 results where Liraglutide was a tool, carrier or part of a combination

Read at source See results (12)

More studies

4,820 studies in all, 15 on this page

PubMed tag: Review · 2006

The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.

Drucker et al. 2006Lancet (London, England)cited by 2,833

PMID 17098089DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69705-5PUB-17098089

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Meta-Analysis, Systematic Review · 2019

Corrected

Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials.

Kristensen et al. 2019The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinologycited by 1,238

PMID 31422062DOI 10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30249-9PUB-31422062

Rights unknown

Source link Read the notice

PubMed tag: review-article, Review · 2021

GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes - state-of-the-art.

Nauck et al. 2021Molecular metabolismcited by 1,202

PMID 33068776PMC8085572DOI 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101102PUB-33068776

Free to read · publisher termsCC BY-NC-ND

Read at source

PubMed tag: Review · 2012

GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Meier et al. 2012Nature reviews. Endocrinologycited by 1,010

PMID 22945360DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2012.140PUB-22945360

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Randomized Controlled Trial, Multicenter Study · 2015

Corrected

Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial.

Davies et al. 2015JAMAcited by 837

PMID 26284720DOI 10.1001/jama.2015.9676PUB-26284720

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page Read the notice

PubMed tag: none · 2015

Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.

Lau et al. 2015Journal of medicinal chemistrycited by 821

PMID 26308095DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00726PUB-26308095

Full text at the publisher

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PubMed tag: Randomized Controlled Trial, Comparative Study · 2009

Corrected

Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Astrup et al. 2009Lancet (London, England)cited by 810

PMID 19853906DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61375-1PUB-19853906

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page Read the notice

Indexing hint: Animal study · 2014

The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss.

Secher et al. 2014The Journal of clinical investigationcited by 798

PMID 25202980PMC4215190DOI 10.1172/jci75276PUB-25202980

Rights unknown

Source link

PubMed tag: Consensus Statement · 2018

Corrected

Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).

Davies et al. 2018Diabetologiacited by 758

PMID 30288571DOI 10.1007/s00125-018-4729-5PUB-30288571

Rights unknown

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PubMed tag: none · 2014

GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody.

Pyke et al. 2014Endocrinologycited by 716

PMID 24467746DOI 10.1210/en.2013-1934PUB-24467746

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: review-article, Review · 2019

The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide.

Knudsen et al. 2019Frontiers in endocrinologycited by 700

PMID 31031702PMC6474072DOI 10.3389/fendo.2019.00155PUB-31031702

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PubMed tag: Review · 2016

Management of obesity.

Bray et al. 2016Lancet (London, England)cited by 686

PMID 26868660DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00271-3PUB-26868660

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Review · 2018

Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease.

Nauck et al. 2018Diabetes, obesity & metabolismcited by 662

PMID 29364588DOI 10.1111/dom.13129PUB-29364588

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Randomized Controlled Trial · 2009

Corrected

Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD).

Zinman et al. 2009Diabetes carecited by 621

PMID 19289857PMC2699702DOI 10.2337/dc08-2124PUB-19289857

Free to read · publisher termsCC BY-NC-ND

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PubMed tag: Randomized Controlled Trial, Comparative Study · 2017

Corrected

3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial.

le Roux et al. 2017Lancet (London, England)cited by 618

PMID 28237263DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30069-7PUB-28237263

Full text at the publisher

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Newer studies

PepBank reads each paper before it shows the results. This search looks in Europe PMC for newer papers that PepBank has not read yet.

Liraglutide studies: 1,219 papers with results

Page 1 of 25

Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.
Marso SP · The New England journal of medicine · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Effects of Liraglutide Versus Placebo on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease.
Mann JFE · Circulation · 2018
Randomized controlled trial · 13 results
Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity: A post hoc analysis from SCALE randomized controlled trials.
Davies MJ · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2018
Randomized controlled trial · 2 results
Glycemia Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes - Glycemic Outcomes.
The New England journal of medicine · 2022
Randomized controlled trial · 9 results
Comparative Effects of Glucose-Lowering Medications on Kidney Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: The GRADE Randomized Clinical Trial.
Wexler DJ · JAMA internal medicine · 2023
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management.
Pi-Sunyer X · The New England journal of medicine · 2015
Randomized controlled trial · 6 results
Effects of Liraglutide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With or Without History of Myocardial Infarction or Stroke.
Verma S · Circulation · 2018
Randomized controlled trial · 3 results
Maintenance of glycaemic control with liraglutide versus oral antidiabetic drugs as add-on therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled with metformin alone: A randomized clinical trial in primary care (LIRA-PRIME).
Unger J · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022
Randomized controlled trial · 6 results
Exenatide once weekly versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomised, open-label study.
Buse JB · Lancet (London, England) · 2013
Randomized controlled trial · 10 results
Liraglutide in Acute Minor Ischemic Stroke or High-Risk Transient Ischemic Attack With Type 2 Diabetes: The LAMP Randomized Clinical Trial.
Zhu H · JAMA internal medicine · 2026
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 1.0mg vs once-daily liraglutide 1.2mg as add-on to 1-3 oral antidiabetic drugs in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 10).
Capehorn MS · Diabetes & metabolism · 2020
Randomized controlled trial · 13 results
A randomized trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of once-daily liraglutide 1.8 mg in Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes exhibiting an inadequate response to liraglutide 0.9 mg.
Seino Y · Journal of diabetes investigation · 2022
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6).
Buse JB · Lancet (London, England) · 2009
Randomized controlled trial · 16 results
Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met+SU): a randomised controlled trial.
Russell-Jones D · Diabetologia · 2009
Randomized controlled trial · 10 results
DUAL II China: Superior HbA1c reductions and weight loss with insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) versus insulin degludec in a randomized trial of Chinese people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin.
Pei Y · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021
Randomized controlled trial · 6 results
Efficacy and safety of liraglutide versus placebo added to basal insulin analogues (with or without metformin) in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Ahmann A · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2015
Randomized controlled trial · 13 results
Efficacy and safety of a fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) compared with its components given alone: results of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, 26-week, treat-to-target trial in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes.
Gough SC · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2014
Randomized controlled trial · 14 results
Contribution of liraglutide in the fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira).
Buse JB · Diabetes care · 2014
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Efficacy and safety of switching from sitagliptin to liraglutide in subjects with type 2 diabetes (LIRA-SWITCH): a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled 26-week trial.
Bailey TS · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 3 results
Once-Daily Liraglutide Versus Lixisenatide as Add-on to Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes: A 26-Week Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
Nauck M · Diabetes care · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 25 results
Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Individuals With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Basal Insulin: The SCALE Insulin Randomized Controlled Trial.
Garvey WT · Diabetes care · 2020
Randomized controlled trial · 7 results
Efficacy and safety of liraglutide versus sitagliptin, both in combination with metformin, in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a 26-week, open-label, randomized, active comparator clinical trial.
Zang L · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 9 results
Effect of liraglutide 3.0 mg in individuals with obesity and moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea: the SCALE Sleep Apnea randomized clinical trial.
Blackman A · International journal of obesity (2005) · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 6 results
Liraglutide as add-on to sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: LIRA-ADD2SGLT2i, a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Blonde L · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2020
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Margulies KB · JAMA · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 7 results
Risk of adverse events with liraglutide in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A post hoc analysis of the FIGHT trial.
Neves JS · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2023
Randomized controlled trial · 7 results
Liraglutide hospital discharge trial: A randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of liraglutide versus insulin glargine for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes after hospital discharge.
Pasquel FJ · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021
Randomized controlled trial · 10 results
Liraglutide for perioperative management of hyperglycaemia in cardiac surgery patients: a multicentre randomized superiority trial.
Hulst AH · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2020
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Combination therapy with liraglutide and insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A 36-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial.
Seino Y · Journal of diabetes investigation · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Efficacy and safety over 26 weeks of an oral treatment strategy including sitagliptin compared with an injectable treatment strategy with liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised clinical trial.
Charbonnel B · Diabetologia · 2013
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Liraglutide for Adolescents with Obesity.
Kelly AS · The New England journal of medicine · 2020
Randomized controlled trial · 11 results
Liraglutide and weight loss among patients with advanced heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: insights from the FIGHT trial.
Sharma A · ESC heart failure · 2018
Randomized controlled trial · 2 results
Effects of liraglutide on no-reflow in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
Chen WR · International journal of cardiology · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 3 results
Superior HbA1c control with the fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) compared with a maximum dose of 50 units of insulin degludec in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes in a phase 3, double-blind, randomized trial.
Watada H · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2019
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Liraglutide in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2b clinical trial.
Edison P · Nature medicine · 2026
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Anti-interleukin-21 antibody and liraglutide for the preservation of β-cell function in adults with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.
von Herrath M · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2021
Randomized controlled trial · 10 results
Peri-operative management of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus undergoing non-cardiac surgery using liraglutide, glucose-insulin-potassium infusion or intravenous insulin bolus regimens: a randomised controlled trial.
Polderman JAW · Anaesthesia · 2018
Randomized controlled trial · 6 results
Contrasting Effects of Lixisenatide and Liraglutide on Postprandial Glycemic Control, Gastric Emptying, and Safety Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Optimized Insulin Glargine With or Without Metformin: A Randomized, Open-Label Trial.
Meier JJ · Diabetes care · 2015
Randomized controlled trial · 20 results
Liraglutide in Children and Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes.
Tamborlane WV · The New England journal of medicine · 2019
Randomized controlled trial · 6 results
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of weight loss using liraglutide 3.0 mg for weight recurrence after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Lofton HF · Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery · 2025
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Rubino DM · JAMA · 2022
Randomized controlled trial · 14 results
Liraglutide in people treated for type 2 diabetes with multiple daily insulin injections: randomised clinical trial (MDI Liraglutide trial).
Lind M · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015
Randomized controlled trial · 10 results
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Two-Way Cross-over Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Liraglutide Treatment in Patients Undergoing Transoral Outlet Reduction Endoscopy for Weight Regain Post Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.
Lahooti A · Obesity surgery · 2025
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Effect of Liraglutide on Arterial Inflammation Assessed as [18F]FDG Uptake in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Ripa RS · Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging · 2021
Randomized controlled trial · 3 results
Efficacy and safety of liraglutide for overweight adult patients with type 1 diabetes and insufficient glycaemic control (Lira-1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Dejgaard TF · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 18 results
Effect of Liraglutide Treatment on Prediabetes and Overweight or Obesity in Clozapine- or Olanzapine-Treated Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Larsen JR · JAMA psychiatry · 2017
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Effects of liraglutide on left ventricular function in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
Chen WR · Endocrine · 2016
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Randomized trial comparing the effects of gliclazide, liraglutide, and metformin on diabetes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Feng W · Journal of diabetes · 2017
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Effects of liraglutide on left ventricular function in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
Chen WR · American heart journal · 2015
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Liraglutide 3 mg on weight, body composition, and hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled-phase 3 study.
Elkind-Hirsch KE · Fertility and sterility · 2022
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results

Status and safety

Regulatory and safety

Approval and sport status, and the safety outcomes reported in study results. Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction, with date and source
Jurisdiction	Body	Status	As of	Source
US	FDA	Victoza · 25 Jan 2010 Saxenda · 23 Dec 2014 Xultophy 100/3.6 (insulin degludec + liraglutide) · 21 Nov 2016	9 Oct 2026	Not recorded
EU	EMA	Victoza · 30 Jun 2009 Saxenda · 23 Mar 2015 Xultophy (insulin degludec + liraglutide) · 18 Sept 2014 Ablymico (STADA) · 15 Jul 2026 Liraglutide STADA · 15 Jul 2026	9 Oct 2026	Not recorded
Sport	WADA	Not listed as banned by WADA Not in the WADA 2026 or 2027 Monitoring Program, which name only semaglutide and tirzepatide among GLP-1 drugs.	2026 List	wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab)
Japan	Note	KEGG DRUG D06404 lists the JAN name 'Liraglutide (genetical recombination)' and the trade name Victoza. Not checked in the PMDA database.	9 Oct 2026	rest.kegg.jp (opens in a new tab)

Safety outcomes

805 safety results for Liraglutide.

Human evidence· 793

In adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, confirmed neoplasms were 10.1% with liraglutide versus 9.0% with placebo, a difference that was not significant.
Randomized controlled trialn = 9,340
Proportion with neoplasm
10.1%
liraglutide
Proportion with neoplasm
9%
placebo
Hazard ratio
1.12 HR
95% CI 0.99-1.28
In adults with overweight or obesity, 8 participants on liraglutide 3.0 mg had adjudicated cardiovascular events versus 10 in the comparators group, with lower event rates on liraglutide.
Randomized controlled trialn = 5,908
Event rate
1.54 events/1000 person-years
liraglutide 3.0 mg
Event rate
3.65 events/1000 person-years
comparators
In Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin, IDegLira had a lower rate of severe or blood glucose-confirmed hypoglycaemia than insulin degludec alone.
Randomized controlled trialn = 453
Estimated rate ratio
0.53
IDegLira versus degludec
In patients with HFrEF, liraglutide showed a non-significant trend toward more total HF hospitalizations or all-cause deaths than placebo.
Randomized controlled trialn = 300
IRR
1.41 ratio
HF hospitalizations or death
In adults with type 2 diabetes after hospital discharge, hypoglycaemia below 3.9 mmol/L was less frequent with liraglutide than with insulin glargine (13% versus 23%).
Randomized controlled trialn = 273
frequency of hypoglycaemia <3.9 mmol/L
13%
liraglutide
frequency of hypoglycaemia <3.9 mmol/L
23%
insulin glargine
In patients with Alzheimer disease without diabetes, liraglutide was generally safe and well tolerated in the 52-week trial.
Randomized controlled trialn = 204
In overweight adults with type 1 diabetes, heart rate increased with liraglutide compared with placebo (difference 7·5 bpm).
Randomized controlled trialn = 100
Difference in heart rate
7.5 bpm
liraglutide vs placebo
In adults with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes on high-dose insulin, the hypoglycemia rate in the first month after starting liraglutide was higher than with placebo.
Randomized controlled trialn = 71
Hypoglycemia rate
2.3 events per person-month
liraglutide, first month
Hypoglycemia rate
0.91 events per person-month
placebo, first month

The top 24 of 793 results.

Doses studied · 532

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

3.0 mgHuman
Species
human
Route
Not reported
Duration
Not reported
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 5,908
3.0 mg once dailyHuman
Species
human
Route
subcutaneous
Duration
56 weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 3,731
1.8 mg or maximum tolerated doseHuman
Species
human
Route
Not reported
Duration
median follow-up 3.8 years
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 3,692
up to 1.8 mg/dHuman
Species
human
Route
Not reported
Duration
up to 104 weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 1,991
1.8 mg once dailyHuman
Species
human
Route
injection
Duration
26 weeks
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 776
0.6 mg for the first week, increased to 1.2 mg in the second week and 1.8 mg until day 90Human
Species
human
Route
Not reported
Duration
90 days
Design
Randomized controlled trial · n = 636

Doses studied in the study results, as given in the studies.
Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design
3.0 mg	Human	human	Not reported	Not reported	Randomized controlled trial · n = 5,908
3.0 mg once daily	Human	human	subcutaneous	56 weeks	Randomized controlled trial · n = 3,731
1.8 mg or maximum tolerated dose	Human	human	Not reported	median follow-up 3.8 years	Randomized controlled trial · n = 3,692
up to 1.8 mg/d	Human	human	Not reported	up to 104 weeks	Randomized controlled trial · n = 1,991
1.8 mg once daily	Human	human	injection	26 weeks	Randomized controlled trial · n = 776
0.6 mg for the first week, increased to 1.2 mg in the second week and 1.8 mg until day 90	Human	human	Not reported	90 days	Randomized controlled trial · n = 636

6 of 532 shown

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Data

Data and API

Data version, change history and code for this peptide.

Data version 30856030 Oct 2026

Peptide

Peptide id: PEP-000029
Peptide version: 9
Peptide hash: 21e87a16417ee2e8…
Data version: 308560

Latest changes

27 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 256718
22 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 254541
21 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 213636
14 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 194705
13 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 173549
12 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 165124

For developers

curl -s https://pepbank.io/v1/briefs/liraglutide

Evidence summary for Liraglutide: counts by class, key results with sources, notices, data version.

Peptide as JSON Evidence summary as JSON

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Glycemic controlNervous system and cognition	Human: 1,067 results from 371 studies: 165 increase, 575 decrease, 213 no significant change, 8 mixed, 106 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 49 results from 15 studies: 16 increase, 21 decrease, 7 no significant change, 5 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 increase. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	1,117
Body weightMusculoskeletal	Human: 817 results from 392 studies: 78 increase, 559 decrease, 108 no significant change, 1 mixed, 71 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 17 results from 10 studies: 2 increase, 12 decrease, 2 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	834
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 493 results from 270 studies: 102 increase, 58 decrease, 215 no significant change, 1 mixed, 117 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 11 results from 4 studies: 2 increase, 7 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	504
Heart functionCardiovascular	Human: 198 results from 70 studies: 66 increase, 38 decrease, 86 no significant change, 8 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 14 results from 6 studies: 3 increase, 8 decrease, 1 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 2 results from 2 studies: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	214
Gastrointestinal adverse eventsGastrointestinal	Human: 185 results from 126 studies: 86 increase, 8 decrease, 19 no significant change, 72 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	185
LipidsMetabolic and weight	Human: 137 results from 63 studies: 5 increase, 92 decrease, 22 no significant change, 2 mixed, 16 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 3 results from 3 studies: 2 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 3 results from 1 study: 3 decrease. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	143
Cardiovascular eventsCardiovascular	Human: 131 results from 57 studies: 8 increase, 53 decrease, 56 no significant change, 1 mixed, 13 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	Computer model: 1 result from 1 study: 1 decrease. Strongest design: In silico	133
Liver fat and liver functionMetabolic and weight	Human: 127 results from 51 studies: 21 increase, 54 decrease, 27 no significant change, 25 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 9 results from 3 studies: 6 decrease, 2 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	136
Blood pressureCardiovascular	Human: 118 results from 70 studies: 9 increase, 60 decrease, 36 no significant change, 1 mixed, 12 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 2 results from 2 studies: 2 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	120
Inflammation markersRespiratory	Human: 100 results from 45 studies: 10 increase, 49 decrease, 33 no significant change, 1 mixed, 7 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 15 results from 8 studies: 8 decrease, 1 no significant change, 6 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	117
Kidney functionWhole body	Human: 99 results from 44 studies: 6 increase, 40 decrease, 47 no significant change, 6 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 3 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	Computer model: 2 results from 2 studies: 2 decrease. Strongest design: In silico	104
Appetite and food intakeNervous system and cognition	Human: 95 results from 32 studies: 17 increase, 48 decrease, 20 no significant change, 1 mixed, 9 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 17 results from 10 studies: 11 decrease, 2 no significant change, 4 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	112

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
Glycemic controlNervous system and cognition	Human: 1,067 results from 371 studies: 165 increase, 575 decrease, 213 no significant change, 8 mixed, 106 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 49 results from 15 studies: 16 increase, 21 decrease, 7 no significant change, 5 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 increase. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	1,117
Body weightMusculoskeletal	Human: 817 results from 392 studies: 78 increase, 559 decrease, 108 no significant change, 1 mixed, 71 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 17 results from 10 studies: 2 increase, 12 decrease, 2 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	834
Adverse eventsWhole body	Human: 493 results from 270 studies: 102 increase, 58 decrease, 215 no significant change, 1 mixed, 117 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 11 results from 4 studies: 2 increase, 7 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	504
Heart functionCardiovascular	Human: 198 results from 70 studies: 66 increase, 38 decrease, 86 no significant change, 8 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 14 results from 6 studies: 3 increase, 8 decrease, 1 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 2 results from 2 studies: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	214
Gastrointestinal adverse eventsGastrointestinal	Human: 185 results from 126 studies: 86 increase, 8 decrease, 19 no significant change, 72 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	No results	No results	No results	185
LipidsMetabolic and weight	Human: 137 results from 63 studies: 5 increase, 92 decrease, 22 no significant change, 2 mixed, 16 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 3 results from 3 studies: 2 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 3 results from 1 study: 3 decrease. Strongest design: Ex vivo tissue	No results	143
Cardiovascular eventsCardiovascular	Human: 131 results from 57 studies: 8 increase, 53 decrease, 56 no significant change, 1 mixed, 13 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	Computer model: 1 result from 1 study: 1 decrease. Strongest design: In silico	133
Liver fat and liver functionMetabolic and weight	Human: 127 results from 51 studies: 21 increase, 54 decrease, 27 no significant change, 25 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 9 results from 3 studies: 6 decrease, 2 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	136
Blood pressureCardiovascular	Human: 118 results from 70 studies: 9 increase, 60 decrease, 36 no significant change, 1 mixed, 12 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 2 results from 2 studies: 2 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	120
Inflammation markersRespiratory	Human: 100 results from 45 studies: 10 increase, 49 decrease, 33 no significant change, 1 mixed, 7 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 15 results from 8 studies: 8 decrease, 1 no significant change, 6 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 2 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	117
Kidney functionWhole body	Human: 99 results from 44 studies: 6 increase, 40 decrease, 47 no significant change, 6 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 3 results from 1 study: 1 decrease, 1 no significant change, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	Computer model: 2 results from 2 studies: 2 decrease. Strongest design: In silico	104
Appetite and food intakeNervous system and cognition	Human: 95 results from 32 studies: 17 increase, 48 decrease, 20 no significant change, 1 mixed, 9 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial	Animal: 17 results from 10 studies: 11 decrease, 2 no significant change, 4 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	112