Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults.

In obese non-diabetic adults, 5-hour gastric emptying was equivalent for liraglutide 1.8 mg versus 3.0 mg.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide 1.8 mg and 3.0 mg gave similar stomach emptying over five hours.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, 5-hour gastric emptying with both liraglutide doses was equivalent to placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, both liraglutide doses gave about the same five-hour stomach emptying as placebo.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, 1-hour gastric emptying was 23% lower than with placebo on liraglutide 3.0 mg.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide 3.0 mg slowed stomach emptying in the first hour by 23% compared with placebo.

Measurements

1-h gastric emptying difference

−23%

liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo

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In obese non-diabetic adults, 1-hour gastric emptying was a nonsignificant 13% lower than with placebo on liraglutide 1.8 mg.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide 1.8 mg did not significantly change stomach emptying in the first hour compared with placebo.

Measurements

1-h gastric emptying difference

−13%

liraglutide 1.8 mg vs placebo

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In obese non-diabetic adults, both liraglutide doses lowered fasting glucose by 0.5-0.6 mmol/l versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, both liraglutide doses lowered fasting blood glucose compared with placebo.

Measurements

Fasting glucose reduction

0.5 to 0.6 mmol/l

both doses vs placebo

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In obese non-diabetic adults, both liraglutide doses reduced postprandial glucose Cmax versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, both liraglutide doses lowered the peak blood glucose after a meal compared with placebo.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, both liraglutide doses reduced the 1-hour glucose AUC versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, both liraglutide doses lowered blood glucose in the first hour after a meal compared with placebo.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, liraglutide 3.0 mg reduced glucose iAUC(0-300 min) by about 26% versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide 3.0 mg lowered total blood glucose rise after a meal by about 26% compared with placebo.

Measurements

Glucose iAUC(0-300 min) reduction

≈ 26%

liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo

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In obese non-diabetic adults, liraglutide 1.8 mg did not reduce glucose iAUC(0-300 min) versus placebo; only the 3.0 mg dose did.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide 1.8 mg did not lower the total blood glucose rise after a meal compared with placebo.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, glucagon iAUC(0-300 min) decreased by about 30% with liraglutide versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide lowered the glucagon response after a meal by about 30% compared with placebo.

Measurements

Glucagon iAUC(0-300 min) decrease

≈ 30%

liraglutide vs placebo

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In obese non-diabetic adults, insulin iAUC(0-60 min) was about 20% lower with both liraglutide doses versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, both liraglutide doses lowered the early insulin response after a meal by about 20% compared with placebo.

Measurements

Insulin iAUC(0-60 min) decrease

≈ 20%

both doses vs placebo

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In obese non-diabetic adults, C-peptide iAUC(0-60 min) was about 20% lower with both liraglutide doses versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, both liraglutide doses lowered the early C-peptide response after a meal by about 20% compared with placebo.

Measurements

C-peptide iAUC(0-60 min) decrease

≈ 20%

both doses vs placebo

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In obese non-diabetic adults, both liraglutide doses similarly increased mean postprandial satiety ratings versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, both liraglutide doses raised feelings of being satisfied after a meal, compared with placebo.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, both liraglutide doses similarly increased mean postprandial fullness ratings versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, both liraglutide doses raised feelings of fullness after a meal, compared with placebo.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, liraglutide doses reduced hunger ratings versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide lowered hunger ratings compared with placebo.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, liraglutide doses reduced prospective food consumption ratings versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide lowered how much food people expected to eat, compared with placebo.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, liraglutide doses decreased ad libitum energy intake by about 16% versus placebo.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide lowered the amount eaten at a free-choice lunch by about 16% compared with placebo.

Measurements

Ad libitum energy intake decrease

≈ 16%

liraglutide vs placebo

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In obese non-diabetic adults, liraglutide was associated with reduced 24-h energy expenditure, partly explained by decreased body weight.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide was linked to lower energy burned over 24 hours, partly because body weight fell.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, liraglutide was associated with a relative shift toward increased fat oxidation.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide was linked to the body burning relatively more fat.

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In obese non-diabetic adults, liraglutide was associated with a relative shift toward reduced carbohydrate oxidation.

In plain wordsIn obese adults without diabetes, liraglutide was linked to the body burning relatively less carbohydrate.

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