Effect of the once-daily human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure and gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes.

Horowitz M, Flint A, Jones KL, Hindsberger C, Rasmussen MF, Kapitza C, Doran S, Jax T, Zdravkovic M, Chapman IM

Diabetes research and clinical practice24 Mar 2012Cited by 140 (Europe PMC)

PMID22446097DOI10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.016PepBankPUB-22446097

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study11

11 results from studies that gave the peptide. 11 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, energy intake was lower with liraglutide than with placebo and glimepiride, but the difference was not significant.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not clearly change how much people ate compared with placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeEnergy intake
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Energy intake was less (NS) with liraglutide vs placebo and glimepiride
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609701
02HumanRandomized controlled trialMechanism
In adults with type 2 diabetes, 24-h resting energy expenditure was higher with liraglutide than with placebo and glimepiride, but the difference was not significant.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not clearly change energy burned at rest compared with placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant change24-h resting energy expenditure
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Energy expenditure and thermogenesis · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
24-h REE was higher (NS) with liraglutide vs placebo and glimepiride.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609702
03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, fasting hunger was lower with liraglutide than with placebo and glimepiride.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide lowered hunger before eating more than placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseFasting hunger
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Fasting hunger was less (p=0.01) with liraglutide vs placebo and glimepiride
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609703
04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, meal duration was shorter with liraglutide than with placebo.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, meals were shorter with liraglutide than with placebo.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseMeal duration
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
meal duration was shorter with liraglutide (p=0.002) vs placebo.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609704
05HumanRandomized controlled trialMechanism
In adults with type 2 diabetes, paracetamol AUC(0-60 min) was lower after liraglutide than after placebo and glimepiride, which indicates slower gastric emptying.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide slowed how fast the stomach emptied compared with placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseParacetamol AUC(0-60 min) as gastric emptying marker
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal function · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Paracetamol AUC(0-60 min) and C(max) were less (p<0.01)
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609705
06HumanRandomized controlled trialMechanism
In adults with type 2 diabetes, paracetamol Cmax was lower after liraglutide than after placebo and glimepiride, which indicates slower gastric emptying.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide slowed how fast the stomach emptied compared with placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseParacetamol Cmax as gastric emptying marker
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal function · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Paracetamol AUC(0-60 min) and C(max) were less (p<0.01)
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609706
07HumanRandomized controlled trialMechanism
In adults with type 2 diabetes, fasting peptide YY was lower after liraglutide than after placebo and glimepiride.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide lowered the gut hormone peptide YY before eating compared with placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseFasting peptide YY
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Hormone levels · Endocrine and hormones
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
fasting peptide YY was lower (p ≤ 0.001) after liraglutide vs placebo and glimepiride.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609707
08HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide reduced body weight by 1.3 and 2.0 kg versus placebo and glimepiride.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide lowered body weight more than placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight reduction
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Body weight reduction
1.3 kg
liraglutide vs placebo and glimepiride
Body weight reduction
2 kg
liraglutide vs placebo and glimepiride
Source sentences
Summary
Bodyweight reductions of 1.3 and 2.0 kg were observed with liraglutide vs placebo and glimepiride (p<0.001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609708
09HumanRandomized controlled trialMechanism
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change antral distension compared with placebo or glimepiride.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change stomach distension compared with placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeAntral distension
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal function · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences on antral distension, nausea, or other gastro-intestinal hormones.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609709
10HumanRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, nausea did not differ between liraglutide, placebo and glimepiride.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, nausea was not different with liraglutide compared with placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeNausea
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences on antral distension, nausea, or other gastro-intestinal hormones.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609710
11HumanRandomized controlled trialMechanism
In adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change other gastrointestinal hormones compared with placebo or glimepiride.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide did not change other gut hormones compared with placebo or glimepiride.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeOther gastrointestinal hormones
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo and glimepiride
Outcome group
Hormone levels · Endocrine and hormones
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 4 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences on antral distension, nausea, or other gastro-intestinal hormones.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The comparative effects of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo on energy intake, appetite, nausea, gastric emptying, antral distension, bodyweight, gastrointestinal hormones, fasting plasma glucose and resting energy expenditure (REE), were assessed in subjects with T2DM randomised to treatment A (…
Summary · context
Assessments were performed at the end of each 4-week treatment period.
Report a problemFND-2244609711

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials2

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

2 trials · 1 ongoing · 1 completed · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

RecruitingPhase not statedNCT05419726

Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Response to Semaglutide Administered to Obese Subjects.

University of California, Los Angelesn = 201 Feb 2023 to est. 1 Feb 2026

Obesity

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 11 May 2025

CompletedPhase 1NCT01511692

Effect of Liraglutide Compared to Glimepiride on Appetite in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes

Novo Nordisk A/Sn = 43Nov 2005 to Sept 2007

Diabetes · Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 25 Jan 2017

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
12 Oct 2026, 12:10 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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