Medication Adherence in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).

Gonzalez JS, Wen H, Butera NM, Uschner D, Krause-Steinrauf H, Gramzinski MR, Wexler DJ, Petrovitch H, Hoogendoorn CJ, Crespo-Ramos G, Presley C, Fattaleh B, Lagari V, Walker EA, Cherrington AL

Diabetes care1 Feb 2026Cited by 1 (Europe PMC)

PMID41557987PMCIDPMC12824802DOI10.2337/dc25-2008PepBankPUB-41557987

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

2 results from studies that gave the peptide. 2 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialOther
In adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, adherence at 3 years was 5% higher with glimepiride than with liraglutide.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, glimepiride adherence was 5% higher than liraglutide adherence at 3 years.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseMedication adherence versus glimepiride
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glimepiride
Outcome group
Treatment adherence and retention · Pharmacology
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 3 yearsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Adherence difference
5%
glimepiride higher than liraglutide at 3 years
Source sentences
Summary
No intergroup differences were observed until 3 years, when adherence was 5% and 3% higher for the glimepiride and sitagliptin groups, respectively, than for liraglutide (both P < 0.05).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
Summary · context
Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739).
Summary · context
Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the association between adherence and primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes.
Report a problemFND-4155798702
02HumanRandomized controlled trialOther
In adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, adherence at 3 years was 3% higher with sitagliptin than with liraglutide.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, sitagliptin adherence was 3% higher than liraglutide adherence at 3 years.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseMedication adherence versus sitagliptin
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Sitagliptin
Outcome group
Treatment adherence and retention · Pharmacology
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 3 yearsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Adherence difference
3%
sitagliptin higher than liraglutide at 3 years
Source sentences
Summary
No intergroup differences were observed until 3 years, when adherence was 5% and 3% higher for the glimepiride and sitagliptin groups, respectively, than for liraglutide (both P < 0.05).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
Summary · context
Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739).
Summary · context
Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the association between adherence and primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes.
Report a problemFND-4155798703

Studies that did not test the peptide alone6

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

03HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialOther
In adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, pooled adherence across glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide and sitagliptin groups decreased slightly by 3 years versus baseline (-2.0 ± 14.7; P < 0.0001).
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, medication adherence across four treatment groups fell slightly by 3 years versus baseline.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseMedication adherence over follow-up
Study
n = 1,739
Outcome group
Treatment adherence and retention · Pharmacology
Measurements
Adherence change
−2
3 years relative to baseline; SD 14.7
Source sentences
Summary
Overall mean ± SD adherence (average of participant-level mean ± SD) was high over 3 years of follow-up at 88.7 ± 10.01, on a scale of 0-100, and decreased slightly by 3 years relative to baseline (-2.0 ± 14.7; P < 0.0001).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
Summary · context
Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4155798701
04HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialOther
In adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, across all four treatment groups a 10-point adherence decrease was associated with 15% higher risk of reaching the primary HbA1c outcome of at least 7.0%.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, across all four treatment groups lower adherence was linked to higher risk of reaching HbA1c 7.0% or above.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreasePrimary glycemic outcome risk by adherence
Study
n = 1,739
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Measurements
Risk increase
15%
10-point decrease in adherence
Source sentences
Summary
Over follow-up and across groups, a 10-point decrease in adherence was associated with 15% and 19% increased risk of reaching primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes (both P < 0.0001).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
Summary · context
Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739).
Summary · context
Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the association between adherence and primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4155798704
05HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialOther
In adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, across all four treatment groups a 10-point adherence decrease was associated with 19% higher risk of reaching the secondary HbA1c outcome above 7.5%.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, across all four treatment groups lower adherence was linked to higher risk of reaching HbA1c above 7.5%.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseSecondary glycemic outcome risk by adherence
Study
n = 1,739
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Measurements
Risk increase
19%
10-point decrease in adherence
Source sentences
Summary
Over follow-up and across groups, a 10-point decrease in adherence was associated with 15% and 19% increased risk of reaching primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes (both P < 0.0001).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
Summary · context
Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739).
Summary · context
Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the association between adherence and primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4155798705
06HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialOther
In the GRADE substudy of adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, no intergroup adherence differences were observed before 3 years.
In plain wordsIn this type 2 diabetes substudy, medication-adherence differences between treatment groups were not observed before 3 years.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicableIntergroup medication adherence before 3 years
Study
n = 1,739
Outcome group
Treatment adherence and retention · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
No intergroup differences were observed until 3 years, when adherence was 5% and 3% higher for the glimepiride and sitagliptin groups, respectively, than for liraglutide (both P < 0.05).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
Summary · context
Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739).
Summary · context
Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the association between adherence and primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4155798707
07HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialOther
In adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, mean adherence across glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide and sitagliptin groups was 88.7 ± 10.01 on a 0-100 scale over 3 years.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, pooled medication adherence averaged 88.7 on a 0-100 scale over 3 years.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicableMean medication adherence over 3 years
Study
n = 1,739
Outcome group
Treatment adherence and retention · Pharmacology
Measurements
Mean adherence
88.7 0-100
average over 3 years; SD 10.01
Source sentences
Summary
Overall mean ± SD adherence (average of participant-level mean ± SD) was high over 3 years of follow-up at 88.7 ± 10.01, on a scale of 0-100
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
Summary · context
Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4155798708
08HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialOther
In adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, lower adherence was more predictive of the secondary outcome of HbA1c above 7.5% in the pooled glargine-or-liraglutide group than in the pooled glimepiride-or-sitagliptin group.
In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes, lower adherence predicted HbA1c above 7.5% somewhat more in pooled glargine/liraglutide than pooled glimepiride/sitagliptin groups.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseSecondary glycemic outcome prediction by adherence
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Glimepiride or sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Lower adherence was somewhat more predictive of the secondary outcome for those assigned to glargine or liraglutide, compared with glimepiride or sitagliptin (each P < 0.05).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.
Summary · context
Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739).
Summary · context
Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the association between adherence and primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4155798706

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:04 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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