Enrolling by invitationPhase 4NCT07547878
Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD)
Baylor Research Instituten = 648 Apr 2026 to est. 31 Mar 2029
Chronic Kidney Disease · Type 2 Diabetes
Semaglutide / Studies
Synthetic analog · 31 amino acids · 4,113.6 Da
Semaglutide studies and research data
PepBank has 1,194 semaglutide studies with results. 966 of them gave semaglutide, with 4,624 results, grouped by what the studies measured. In each group, results from studies in people come first. Data as of 2026-10-30.
Searches 4,624 results and 6,238 papers. Newer studies from Europe PMC
Results in people
4,515
98% of 4,624 results
Results in animals
59
1% of 4,624 results
Results in lab cells
8
under 1% of 4,624 results
From computer models
42
under 1% of 4,624 results
The molecule
Semaglutide identity
Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.
Semaglutide is an analogue of human GLP-1(7-37) with Aib at GLP-1 position 8, Arg at position 34 and a C18 fatty diacid on Lys26, attached through L-gamma-Glu and two AEEA units (GSRS). The FDA label states 94% sequence homology to human GLP-1, albumin binding as the main protraction mechanism and DPP-4 resistance from the position 8 change; the peptide backbone is made by yeast fermentation. It is a GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk. It is approved in the US and EU as injections and tablets for type 2 diabetes, weight management, cardiovascular and kidney risk reduction, and MASH with fibrosis (Wegovy injection in the US, Kayshild in the EU).
- Kind
- Synthetic analog · 31 residues
- Identifiers
- ChEMBLCHEMBL2108724 (opens in a new tab)CHEMBL4556788 (opens in a new tab)PubChem CID155557169 (opens in a new tab)56843331 (opens in a new tab)UNII53AXN4NNHX (opens in a new tab)DrugBankDB13928 (opens in a new tab)CAS910463-68-2PDB7KI0 (opens in a new tab)KEGGD10025 (opens in a new tab)IUPHAR9724 (opens in a new tab)
- Parent
- Analog of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37), humanFDA label: GLP-1 analogue with 94% sequence homology to human GLP-1, modified at positions 8, 26 (acylated Lys) and 34. Positions use GLP-1 numbering (His7 = residue 1 of this record). Lys26 keeps Lys but carries the side chain.
- Development
- Approved in the US and EU (Ozempic, 2017)Novo NordiskFirst FDA approval 2017-12-05 (Ozempic, NDA209637, Type 1 new molecular entity). ChEMBL max_phase 4. ClinicalTrials.gov lists 780 studies for query.intr=semaglutide OR NN9535 OR NN9924. Source (opens in a new tab)The note counts 780 studies from a registry search made when the note was written, with its own search terms. PepBank links 663 registered trials to Semaglutide today, so the two numbers differ.
Targets
| Target | Action | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptorGLP1RP43220 (opens in a new tab) | Agonist | approved-drug labelSource (opens in a new tab) |
Sequence and structure
Residues, differences from the parent, calculated properties and 3D structure. Source values and calculated values are shown separately.
Sequence
31 amino acids · 2 modifications
H-
Residues 1 to 10:
HEGTFTSDV
Residues 11 to 20:
SSYLEGQAA
Residues 21 to 30:
EFIAWLVRGR
Residues 31 to 31:
-OHG
Alignment to Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37)
Calculated from the two sequences. Curated notes are shown as given.
29 of 31 aligned residues identical (94%) · 1 substitution · 1 non-canonical residue · 1 modified residue · Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37) 7–37
- Top row: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-37) (parent, numbered from 7)
- Bottom row: Semaglutide
HEGTFTSDV
SSYLEGQAA
EFIAWLVGR
G
- Same as parent
- Substituted
- Non-canonical or D-form
- Added
- Gap
- Modified side chain or end
Differences from the parent
- 1Parent 8 · analog 2Ala → Aib · Non-canonical residueFDA label: stabilizes against DPP-4. 2-aminoisobutyric acid (GSRS fragment UNII 1E7ZW41IQU) replaces Ala at GLP-1 position 8. FDA label: protects against DPP-4 degradation.
- 2Parent 26 · analog 20Lys, modified · LipidationLys at GLP-1 position 26. N6 carries, from Lys outward: two AEEA units ([2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy]acetyl), L-gamma-Glu, then 17-carboxyheptadecanoyl (C18 fatty diacid). GSRS fragment 'Lysine, Semaglutide-' (UNII 2BRP4PMI4U). FDA label: the side chain gives albumin binding.
- 3Parent 34 · analog 28Lys → Arg · SubstitutionFDA label: ensures attachment of only one fatty diacid.
Basis: FDA label: GLP-1 analogue with 94% sequence homology to human GLP-1, modified at positions 8, 26 (acylated Lys) and 34. Positions use GLP-1 numbering (His7 = residue 1 of this record). Lys26 keeps Lys but carries the side chain.
Calculated from the two sequences with @pepdb/chem alignToParent (ungapped unless a gap scores higher). The record’s curated notes are shown as given.
Properties
From identity sources
- Formula
- C187H291N45O59
- Molecular weight
- 4,113.58 g/mol
- Monoisotopic mass
- 4,111.1154 Da
- GSRS UNII 53AXN4NNHX(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
- GSRS UNII 2BRP4PMI4U(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
- PubChem CID 155557169(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
- PubChem CID 56843331(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
- ChEMBL CHEMBL2108724(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
- ChEMBL CHEMBL4556788(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
- Curated KEGG D10025(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
- Curated FDA label (Rybelsus/Ozempic tablets SPL 27f15fac)(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
Calculated from the sequence
Some values cannot be calculated. The sequence has a non-canonical residue (X). Residue tables cover only the 20 standard amino acids.
- Average mass
- Not calculated
- Monoisotopic mass
- Not calculated
- Isoelectric point (pI)
- Not calculated
- Net charge at pH 7.4
- Not calculated
- GRAVY (hydropathy)
- Not calculated
- Extinction coefficient, 280 nm (Cys reduced)
- 6,990 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹
- 5500 x Trp + 1490 x Tyr · Pace et al. 1995 (ExPASy ProtParam)
- Instability index
- Not calculated
- Aliphatic index
- Not calculated
- Boman index
- Not calculated
- Hydrophobic moment (μH)
- Not calculated
- 1 non-canonical residue (X) is not included in calculated values.
- Not included: lipid chain. Mass, charge and pI are not calculated; use the identity-source values.
- Defined and validated for proteins; use with care for short peptides.
- Assumes an ideal alpha helix. Many short peptides are not helical.
@pepdb/chem 0.2.0 · EMBOSS pKa set · ExPASy residue masses
Net charge by pH
No charge curve
The sequence has a non-canonical residue (X). Residue tables cover only the 20 standard amino acids.
Composition
- Hydrophobic26% (8)A I L V
- Aromatic13% (4)F W Y
- Positive13% (4)H K R
- Negative13% (4)D E
- Polar19% (6)Q S T
- Special13% (4)G
- Non-canonical3% (1)X
31 residues. Each residue counts in one class; F and W count as aromatic.
A Ala3 · 10%
I Ile1 · 3%
L Leu2 · 6%
M Met0 · 0%
V Val2 · 6%
F Phe2 · 6%
W Trp1 · 3%
Y Tyr1 · 3%
H His1 · 3%
K Lys1 · 3%
R Arg2 · 6%
D Asp1 · 3%
E Glu3 · 10%
N Asn0 · 0%
Q Gln1 · 3%
S Ser3 · 10%
T Thr2 · 6%
C Cys0 · 0%
G Gly4 · 13%
P Pro0 · 0%
X Xaa1 · 3%
3D structure
ExperimentalPDB 7KI0
Loads the 3D viewer (3Dmol.js, about 150 KB) and the model file from RCSB PDB.
2D structure
Semaglutide has 31 residues. A full-atom drawing is hard to read at this size; the sequence view is the reference.
SMILES fromPubChem CID 155557169(opens in a new tab)
CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)COCCOCCNC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)(C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC6=CN=CN6)NHelical wheel
An ideal alpha-helix projection. It shows where the hydrophobic residues fall if the peptide folds as a helix. It does not show that it does.
- μH, residues shown
- 0.088
- μH, best 11-residue window
- —
- Arrow direction
- 291°
- Residues
- 31 · 2 rings of 18 · 1 X not scored
HydrophilicHydrophobic
Eisenberg consensus (normalized) scale · + K, R · − D, E
Assumes an ideal α-helix: 100° per residue, 3.6 residues per turn. The arrow is the mean hydrophobic moment (Eisenberg et al. 1984) and points at the hydrophobic face.
Show as table
| Position | Residue | Angle | Eisenberg consensus (normalized) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 0° | -0.40 |
| 2 | X | 100° | not scored |
| 3 | E | 200° | -0.74 |
| 4 | G | 300° | 0.48 |
| 5 | T | 40° | -0.05 |
| 6 | F | 140° | 1.19 |
| 7 | T | 240° | -0.05 |
| 8 | S | 340° | -0.18 |
| 9 | D | 80° | -0.90 |
| 10 | V | 180° | 1.08 |
| 11 | S | 280° | -0.18 |
| 12 | S | 20° | -0.18 |
| 13 | Y | 120° | 0.26 |
| 14 | L | 220° | 1.06 |
| 15 | E | 320° | -0.74 |
| 16 | G | 60° | 0.48 |
| 17 | Q | 160° | -0.85 |
| 18 | A | 260° | 0.62 |
| 19 | A | 0° | 0.62 |
| 20 | K | 100° | -1.50 |
| 21 | E | 200° | -0.74 |
| 22 | F | 300° | 1.19 |
| 23 | I | 40° | 1.38 |
| 24 | A | 140° | 0.62 |
| 25 | W | 240° | 0.81 |
| 26 | L | 340° | 1.06 |
| 27 | V | 80° | 1.08 |
| 28 | R | 180° | -2.53 |
| 29 | G | 280° | 0.48 |
| 30 | R | 20° | -2.53 |
| 31 | G | 120° | 0.48 |
Results by area
What the studies measured
People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.
Trials and papers
Newer studies
PepBank reads each paper before it shows the results. This search looks in Europe PMC for newer papers that PepBank has not read yet.
Status and safety