Peptides / Longevity and mitochondria

Small molecule · 334.2 Da

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)

Not approvedMay be banned in sport

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a building block the body uses to make NAD+, taken as an oral or under-the-tongue supplement. It is not approved as a drug, and small trials in people tested it, with most results from animal studies. PepBank shows 124 results on NMN from 20 studies in people, and 1,381 from animal and lab studies. The strongest evidence is a randomized trial in people. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Also known as NMN, Beta-NMN, Nicotinamide mononucleotide, β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide, Fosribnicotinamide

2D structure of NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)

Small molecule, shown without its saltPubChem 14180

Evidence level: Mostly animal studies1,381 of 1,513 results come from studies in animals and lab cells. 20 studies in people.

Results in people

124

8% of 1,513 results

Results in animals

1,080

71% of 1,513 results

Results in lab cells

301

20% of 1,513 results

From computer models

under 1% of 1,513 results

Overview

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) at a glance

What it is	Small molecule
Approval	Not approved for any use
In sport	Not named on the List; S0 may still apply (no approval anywhere)
Studies	217 studies with results. 202 of them gave NMN, with 1,513 results. 124 in people1,080 in animals301 in lab cells8 from computer models
Best study in people	Randomized controlled trial with 80 people (2023)
Clinical trials	19 registered: 8 active or planned, 0 with posted results
Community use	Joint discomfort

The science

What is NMN?

A nucleotide precursor of NAD+, taken as an oral or sublingual supplement and tested in small human trials.

1,513

Study results in PepBank

The history of NMN

1983
The oldest paper on NMN in PepBank is from 1983.
2021March
A registered trial of NMN started (NCT04664361).

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) structure and chemistry

The key facts about the molecule. Long codes are in the closed section below.

Structure

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a small molecule, not a peptide chain.

Formula

C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₈P

Molecular weight

334.2 g/mol

CAS number

1094-61-7

Development

Multiple academic and commercial programs. Highest phase: phase 2.

Identifiers

PubChem 14180, ChEMBL CHEMBL610238, UNII 2KG6QX4W0V

SMILES and InChIKey

InChIKey
DAYLJWODMCOQEW-TURQNECASA-N

SMILES
C1=CC(=C[N+](=C1)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)COP(=O)(O)[O-])O)O)C(=O)N

See charge, composition and 3D structure on the Scientific page

The evidence

What NMN studies show

Results grouped by what the studies measured. Each card shows where its results come from.

Mostly animal studies1,381 of 1,513 results come from studies in animals and lab cells. 20 studies in people.

Daily life and fitness

38 results · 30 in people · 8 animal

In amateur runners, maximum oxygen uptake did not change from baseline after 6 weeks in any NMN dose group or the placebo group. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2021

Top results

In amateur runners, maximum oxygen uptake did not change from baseline after 6 weeks in any NMN dose group or the placebo group. (Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2021)
In older adults, stepping test performance did not differ significantly between NMN and placebo at 4 or 12 weeks. (GeroScience, 2024)
In healthy middle-aged adults, NMN at 600 and 900 mg daily improved SF-36 health scores versus placebo at days 30 and 60. (GeroScience, 2023)

Blood sugar

29 results · 5 in people · 21 animal · 3 lab

In healthy middle-aged adults, HOMA-IR did not differ significantly between NMN and placebo at day 60. GeroScience, 2023

Top results

In healthy middle-aged adults, HOMA-IR did not differ significantly between NMN and placebo at day 60. (GeroScience, 2023)
In women with prediabetes and overweight or obesity, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal increased after NMN but not placebo. (Science, 2021)
In healthy volunteers, oral NMN increased insulin levels after meals. (Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 2023)

Immune system and inflammation

175 results · 4 in people · 127 animal · 42 lab

In hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and kidney injury, blood CRP did not differ between MIB-626 and placebo. FASEB bioAdvances, 2025

Top results

In hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and kidney injury, blood CRP did not differ between MIB-626 and placebo. (FASEB bioAdvances, 2025)
In adults with ITP receiving NMN, antibody levels remained stable. (Nature medicine, 2026)
In mice with sepsis, NMN reduced lung damage. (Pharmaceutical biology, 2024)

Kidneys and bladder

45 results · 4 in people · 36 animal · 5 lab

In hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and kidney injury, creatinine changes did not differ between MIB-626 and placebo. FASEB bioAdvances, 2025

Top results

In hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and kidney injury, creatinine changes did not differ between MIB-626 and placebo. (FASEB bioAdvances, 2025)
In healthy men, serum creatinine decreased within normal ranges after NMN, independently of dose. (Endocrine journal, 2020)
In hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and kidney injury, cystatin-C changes did not differ between MIB-626 and placebo. (FASEB bioAdvances, 2025)

Heart and blood vessels

76 results · 3 in people · 64 animal · 9 lab

In healthy men, heart rate did not change significantly after single oral NMN doses. Endocrine journal, 2020

Top results

In healthy men, heart rate did not change significantly after single oral NMN doses. (Endocrine journal, 2020)
In healthy middle-aged adults, arterial stiffness tended to decrease with NMN, but the difference from placebo was not significant. (Scientific reports, 2023)
In healthy men, blood pressure did not change significantly after single oral NMN doses. (Endocrine journal, 2020)

Metabolism and nutrition

38 results · 3 in people · 29 animal · 6 lab

In healthy adults, whole-blood NAD+ increased after NMN administration. Frontiers in nutrition, 2022

Top results

In healthy adults, whole-blood NAD+ increased after NMN administration. (Frontiers in nutrition, 2022)
In mice, NMN reduced the aging-related increase in acetylation of liver proteins that regulate fatty acid breakdown. (Cells, 2022)
In mice with diabetes, dietary NMN increased energy use compared with the control diet. (Metabolites, 2025)

All 217 NMN studies by area Open the Scientific page

Key NMN studies

Studies in people come first, then studies in animals and in the lab.

People
The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial
Yi et al. 2023 · GeroScience · 80 people · cited by 139
8 results
People
Ingestion of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide increased blood NAD levels, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults in a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study
Morifuji et al. 2024 · GeroScience · 60 people · cited by 20
9 results
People
Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study
Liao et al. 2021 · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 48 people · cited by 75
12 results
People
Oral MIB-626 (β Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) Safely Raises Blood Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Pencina et al. 2025 · FASEB bioAdvances · 42 people · cited by 1
9 results
People
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Katayoshi et al. 2023 · Scientific reports · 36 people · cited by 47
3 results

All 217 NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) studies

NMN clinical trials

ClinicalTrials.gov lists 19 trials of NMN. 8 are active or planned, and 0 have posted results. PepBank does not show trial results.

Solid bars are dates that happened. Hatched bars are planned dates. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Hypertensive Patients

Phase 4status unknown20 planned

Comparisons of NAD Precursors for Neuroenhancement in Glaucoma Patients

Phase 2recruiting138 planned

Metabolic Changes Induced by NMN in Healthy Subjects With Acute Binge Drink

Phase 1/2completed22 people

All 5 NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) trials

Status and safety

Is NMN approved?

FDA

United States

Not approved

No approved medicine contains it.

EMA

European Union

Not approved

No approved medicine contains it.

WADA

Sport

May be banned

Not named on the List. Section S0 covers substances with no approval.

No. Not approved for any use. Its most advanced trial is in phase 2. The FDA, the EMA and the other sources we use show no approval (as of 21 Oct 2026). Not named on the List; S0 may still apply (no approval anywhere).

Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

NMN side effects and safety

PepBank has 64 safety results from studies of NMN. 35 of them come from studies in people.

Safety results from studies (64)

In healthy middle-aged adults, NMN was well tolerated, with no safety issues found through adverse-event, laboratory, or clinical monitoring. (GeroScience, 2023)
In older adults, the study reported no adverse effects related to the test substance. (GeroScience, 2024)
In overweight or obese older adults, adverse events were similarly frequent with MIB-626 and placebo. (The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 2023)
In healthy adults, oral β-NMN did not change body measures, blood and chemistry tests, urine, or body composition beyond normal variation. (Scientific reports, 2022)
In healthy adults, 12 weeks of NMN caused no abnormal results in physiological and laboratory tests. (Frontiers in nutrition, 2022)
In healthy men, oral and sublingual NMN caused no reported adverse events. (Scientific reports, 2026)
In older men with diabetes receiving NMN, no systemic adverse events occurred. (Geriatrics & gerontology international, 2026)
In healthy older men, NMN was well tolerated without significant harmful effects. (npj aging, 2022)
In healthy middle-aged adults, NMN was well tolerated and caused no adverse events. (Scientific reports, 2023)
In adults with difficult-to-treat ITP receiving NMN, no dose-limiting toxicities occurred. (Nature medicine, 2026)
In older men with diabetes and reduced physical performance, NMN was tolerated without severe adverse events. (Geriatrics & gerontology international, 2023)
In healthy middle-aged Japanese men, NMN supplementation was well tolerated. (Endocrine journal, 2024)
In healthy volunteers receiving NMN, no adverse symptoms were observed. (Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 2023)
In healthy men, single oral NMN doses caused no significant clinical symptoms. (Endocrine journal, 2020)
In healthy adults, oral β-NMN caused no biochemical changes beyond normal physiological variation. (Scientific reports, 2022)
In healthy adults, oral β-NMN caused no urine test changes beyond normal physiological variation. (Scientific reports, 2022)
In healthy adults, oral β-NMN caused no body composition changes beyond normal physiological variation. (Scientific reports, 2022)
In the healthy adult β-NMN trial, no severe adverse events occurred. (Scientific reports, 2022)
In healthy adults, investigators observed no obvious adverse effects during NMN supplementation. (Frontiers in nutrition, 2022)
In older men with diabetes receiving NMN, no eye adverse events occurred. (Geriatrics & gerontology international, 2026)
In adults with ITP, no serious adverse events related to NMN occurred. (Nature medicine, 2026)
In adults with ITP, 12% had mild adverse events related to NMN. (Nature medicine, 2026)
In adults with ITP receiving NMN, 8% had non-severe infections. (Nature medicine, 2026)
In adults with ITP receiving NMN, antibody levels remained stable. (Nature medicine, 2026)

See every safety result on the Scientific page

Doses studied (40 shown)

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design	Source
300, 600, or 900 mg daily	Human	human	oral	60 days	Randomized trial in people · n = 80	Yi 2023
250 mg/day	Human	human	oral	12 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 60	Morifuji 2024
300 mg, 600 mg, or 900 mg daily	Human	human	oral	60 days	Randomized trial in people · n = 80	Yi 2023
300 mg, 600 mg or 900 mg NMN daily	Human	human	oral	60 days	Randomized trial in people · n = 80	Yi 2023
600 mg or 900 mg NMN daily	Human	human	oral	60 days	Randomized trial in people · n = 80	Yi 2023
300 mg daily	Human	human	oral	60 days	Randomized trial in people	Yi 2023
300, 600 and 1200 mg/day in three NMN groups	Human	human	Not reported	6 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 48	Liao 2021
1.0 g twice daily	Human	human	oral	14 days	Randomized trial in people · n = 42	Pencina 2025
125 mg twice a day	Human	human	oral	12 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 36	Katayoshi 2023
1 000 mg once daily or twice daily	Human	human	oral	14 days	Randomized trial in people · n = 32	Pencina 2023
1250 mg once daily	Human	human	oral	up to 4 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 31	Fukamizu 2022
250 mg/day	Human	human	oral	12 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 15	Okabe 2022
250 mg/day	Human	human	oral	24 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 14	Shiraki 2026
250 mg per day	Human	human	oral	6 or 12 weeks	Randomized trial in people	Igarashi 2022
600 mg/day	Human	human	Not reported	6 weeks	Randomized trial in people	Liao 2021
1200 mg/day	Human	human	Not reported	6 weeks	Randomized trial in people	Liao 2021
1 000 mg once daily	Human	human	oral	14 days	Randomized trial in people	Pencina 2023
1 000 mg twice daily	Human	human	oral	14 days	Randomized trial in people	Pencina 2023
450 mg twice daily	Human	human	oral	2 weeks	Trial in people without random groups · n = 25	Li 2026
250 mg/day	Human	human	oral	24 weeks	Trial in people without random groups · n = 14	Akasaka 2023
300, 600, or 900 mg daily	Human	human	Not reported	60 days	Trial in people without random groups · n = 80	Kuerec 2024
two 125-mg capsules once daily	Human	human	oral	8 weeks	Trial in people without random groups · n = 11	Yamaguchi 2024
250 mg once daily	Human	human	oral	12 weeks	Trial in people without random groups · n = 11	Yamane 2023
100, 250, and 500 mg	Human	human	oral	Not reported	Trial in people without random groups · n = 10	Irie 2020
60 mg/kg body weight	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	Not reported	Study in live animals · n = 36	Kaito 2025
8, 16 or 32 mg/kg/d	Animal	pig	oral	9 weeks	Study in live animals · n = 32	Zhang 2024
500 mg/kg body weight	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	17 days	Study in live animals · n = 24	Uddin 2016
500 mg/kg/day	Animal	rat	Not reported	21 consecutive days	Study in live animals · n = 20	Ma 2024
0.5% of diet	Animal	mouse	dietary	4 weeks	Study in live animals · n = 11	Shirouchi 2025
500 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	Not reported	Study in live animals	Yamamoto 2014
500 mg/kg	Animal	rat	intraperitoneal	Not reported	Study in live animals	Wang 2016
62.5 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	Not reported	Not reported	Study in live animals	Park 2016
300 mg·kg-1	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	Not reported	Study in live animals	Wei 2017
100 mg/kg on alternate days	Animal	rat	intraperitoneal	3 months	Study in live animals	Chandrasekaran 2020
300 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	oral gavage	2 weeks	Study in live animals	Xie 2020
500 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	Not reported	Study in live animals	He 2024
500 mg/kg body weight	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	21 days	Study in live animals	Youngson 2019
400 mg/kg body weight	Animal	mouse	oral	Not reported	Study in live animals	Youngson 2019
20 mg/kg	Animal	rat	intraperitoneal	4 weeks	Study in live animals	Liang 2019
400 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	oral gavage	45 min	Study in live animals	Ramanathan 2022

From the community

How people use it

What people report online. It comes from forums and guides, not from studies.

Community-reported. Not tested in trials.

Longecity members report oral and sublingual NMN use. One member reports reduced knee pain. These are individual reports.

Reported routines and cautions

What people use it for

Joint discomfortS1

Reported regimens

Regimens that community sources report for NMN. Community-reported, not tested in trials.
Context	Route	Amount	How often	How long	Agreement	Sources
One member oral NMN report	oral	500 mg per dose	twice daily	Not stated	Single source. The source carries seller advertisements or affiliate links.	S1
One member sublingual NMN report	sublingual	250 mg per dose	four to six times daily	6 to 8 weeks	Single source. The source carries seller advertisements or affiliate links.	S1

Reported benefits (claims, not shown in trials)

Perceived reduction in joint painS1

Community sources

S1NMN personal experience thread, page 3, Longecitywww.longecity.orgcarries seller links, not linked

Gaps

Self-reports do not verify composition, safety, causality or a usual NMN dose. Oral and sublingual reports are separate.

Questions and more

Ask a question about NMN

The answer links to every study it uses.

What does the evidence say about NMN?Is NMN tested in people?Compare with AICAR (acadesine)Compare with Elamipretide (SS-31)

Sources

Database: PepBank data for NMN (data version 308560)
Regulator: FDA status record
Regulator: EMA status record
Regulator: WADA status record
Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov
Community: community sources (forums and guides), as summarized in the PepBank community file

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Ask your AI about NMN

Curo is a peptide shop. PepBank and Curo have the same owner. See the Curo catalog (opens in a new tab).

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)

Not approvedMay be banned in sport

Also known as NMN, Beta-NMN, Nicotinamide mononucleotide, β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide, Fosribnicotinamide

What it is

Small molecule

Approval

Not approved for any use

In sport

Not named on the List; S0 may still apply (no approval anywhere)

Studies

217 studies with results. 202 of them gave NMN, with 1,513 results.
124 in people1,080 in animals301 in lab cells8 from computer models

Best study in people

Randomized controlled trial with 80 people (2023)

Clinical trials

19 registered: 8 active or planned, 0 with posted results

Community use

Joint discomfort

Dose as reported

Class

Species

Route

Duration

Design

Source

300, 600, or 900 mg daily

Human

human

oral

60 days

Randomized trial in people · n = 80

Yi 2023

250 mg/day

Human

human

oral

12 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 60

Morifuji 2024

300 mg, 600 mg, or 900 mg daily

Human

human

oral

60 days

Randomized trial in people · n = 80

Yi 2023

300 mg, 600 mg or 900 mg NMN daily

Human

human

oral

60 days

Randomized trial in people · n = 80

Yi 2023

600 mg or 900 mg NMN daily

Human

human

oral

60 days

Randomized trial in people · n = 80

Yi 2023

300 mg daily

Human

human

oral

60 days

Randomized trial in people

Yi 2023

300, 600 and 1200 mg/day in three NMN groups

Human

human

Not reported

6 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 48

Liao 2021

1.0 g twice daily

Human

human

oral

14 days

Randomized trial in people · n = 42

Pencina 2025

125 mg twice a day

Human

human

oral

12 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 36

Katayoshi 2023

1 000 mg once daily or twice daily

Human

human

oral

14 days

Randomized trial in people · n = 32

Pencina 2023

1250 mg once daily

Human

human

oral

up to 4 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 31

Fukamizu 2022

250 mg/day

Human

human

oral

12 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 15

Okabe 2022

250 mg/day

Human

human

oral

24 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 14

Shiraki 2026

250 mg per day

Human

human

oral

6 or 12 weeks

Randomized trial in people

Igarashi 2022

600 mg/day

Human

human

Not reported

6 weeks

Randomized trial in people

Liao 2021

1200 mg/day

Human

human

Not reported

6 weeks

Randomized trial in people

Liao 2021

1 000 mg once daily

Human

human

oral

14 days

Randomized trial in people

Pencina 2023

1 000 mg twice daily

Human

human

oral

14 days

Randomized trial in people

Pencina 2023

450 mg twice daily

Human

human

oral

2 weeks

Trial in people without random groups · n = 25

Li 2026

250 mg/day

Human

human

oral

24 weeks

Trial in people without random groups · n = 14

Akasaka 2023

300, 600, or 900 mg daily

Human

human

Not reported

60 days

Trial in people without random groups · n = 80

Kuerec 2024

two 125-mg capsules once daily

Human

human

oral

8 weeks

Trial in people without random groups · n = 11

Yamaguchi 2024

250 mg once daily

Human

human

oral

12 weeks

Trial in people without random groups · n = 11

Yamane 2023

100, 250, and 500 mg

Human

human

oral

Not reported

Trial in people without random groups · n = 10

Irie 2020

60 mg/kg body weight

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

Not reported

Study in live animals · n = 36

Kaito 2025

8, 16 or 32 mg/kg/d

Animal

pig

oral

9 weeks

Study in live animals · n = 32

Zhang 2024

500 mg/kg body weight

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

17 days

Study in live animals · n = 24

Uddin 2016

500 mg/kg/day

Animal

rat

Not reported

21 consecutive days

Study in live animals · n = 20

Ma 2024

0.5% of diet

Animal

mouse

dietary

4 weeks

Study in live animals · n = 11

Shirouchi 2025

500 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

Not reported

Study in live animals

Yamamoto 2014

500 mg/kg

Animal

rat

intraperitoneal

Not reported

Study in live animals

Wang 2016

62.5 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

Not reported

Study in live animals

Park 2016

300 mg·kg-1

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

Not reported

Study in live animals

Wei 2017

100 mg/kg on alternate days

Animal

rat

intraperitoneal

3 months

Study in live animals

Chandrasekaran 2020

300 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

oral gavage

2 weeks

Study in live animals

Xie 2020

500 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

Not reported

Study in live animals

He 2024

500 mg/kg body weight

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

21 days

Study in live animals

Youngson 2019

400 mg/kg body weight

Animal

mouse

oral

Not reported

Study in live animals

Youngson 2019

20 mg/kg

Animal

rat

intraperitoneal

4 weeks

Study in live animals

Liang 2019

400 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

oral gavage

45 min

Study in live animals

Ramanathan 2022

Context

Route

Amount

How often

How long

Agreement

Sources

One member oral NMN report

oral

500 mg per dose

twice daily

Not stated

Single source. The source carries seller advertisements or affiliate links.

One member sublingual NMN report

sublingual

250 mg per dose

four to six times daily

6 to 8 weeks

Single source. The source carries seller advertisements or affiliate links.

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) at a glance

What is NMN?

The history of NMN

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) structure and chemistry

What NMN studies show

Daily life and fitness

Blood sugar

Immune system and inflammation

Kidneys and bladder

Heart and blood vessels

Metabolism and nutrition

Key NMN studies

NMN clinical trials

Is NMN approved?

NMN side effects and safety

How people use it

What people use it for

Reported regimens

Reported benefits (claims, not shown in trials)

Community sources

Ask a question about NMN

Related peptides

NMN vs NAD+

Sources

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) at a glance

What is NMN?

The history of NMN

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) structure and chemistry

What NMN studies show

Daily life and fitness

Blood sugar

Immune system and inflammation

Kidneys and bladder

Heart and blood vessels

Metabolism and nutrition

Key NMN studies

NMN clinical trials

Is NMN approved?

NMN side effects and safety

How people use it

What people use it for

Reported regimens

Reported benefits (claims, not shown in trials)

Community sources

Ask a question about NMN

Related peptides

NMN vs NAD+

Sources