Peptides / Longevity and mitochondria

Synthetic analog · 4 amino acids · 639.8 Da

Elamipretide (SS-31)

ApprovedNot banned in sport

SS-31, also called elamipretide, is a small peptide that targets mitochondria by binding cardiolipin. The FDA gave it accelerated approval in 2025 as Forzinity for muscle strength in Barth syndrome, and studies in people also tested the eye, heart and exercise. PepBank shows 129 results on SS-31 from 24 studies in people, and 1,655 from animal and lab studies. The strongest evidence is a randomized trial in people. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Also known as MTP-131, MTP131, RX-31, SS-31, SS31, Szeto-Schiller peptide and 6 more

4 amino acids, from first to lastRXKF

Evidence level: Some studies in people129 of 1,784 results come from studies in people.

Results in people

129

7% of 1,784 results

Results in animals

1,109

62% of 1,784 results

Results in lab cells

546

31% of 1,784 results

From computer models

0% of 1,784 results

Overview

Elamipretide (SS-31) at a glance

What it is	Synthetic analog, 4 amino acids
Approval	Approved in the US (Forzinity, 2025)
In sport	Not listed as banned by WADA
Studies	372 studies with results. 299 of them gave SS-31, with 1,784 results. 129 in people1,109 in animals546 in lab cells
Best study in people	Randomized controlled trial with 218 people (2023)
Clinical trials	30 registered: 3 active or planned, 14 with posted results
Community use	Barth syndrome, to improve muscle strength (labeled use, brand FORZINITY); General anti-aging and mitochondrial support in healthy people (off-label, as SS-31); Exercise performance and recovery

The science

What is SS-31?

Synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin. FDA granted accelerated approval (Forzinity, 2025) to improve muscle strength in Barth syndrome.

Amino acids in one chain

The history of SS-31

1993
The oldest paper on SS-31 in PepBank is from 1993.
2012April
A registered trial of SS-31 started (NCT01572909).
2025September
FDA approved Forzinity for to improve muscle strength in adult and pediatric patients with Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg. Accelerated approval based on knee extensor muscle strength; continued approval may depend on a confirmatory trial.

Elamipretide (SS-31) structure and chemistry

The key facts about the molecule. Long codes are in the closed section below.

Sequence, 4 amino acidsFrom the first amino acid to the last

+R1X+KF

Darker means more water-repelling+ and − show charge in the bodyOutlined: changed amino acid

Structure

Elamipretide (SS-31) is a synthetic analog of 4 amino acids, with no ring, 3 changed amino acids.

Formula

C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅

Molecular weight

639.8 g/mol

CAS number

736992-21-5

Targets

Cardiolipin (inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid): binderEvidence: approved-drug labelPhospholipid scramblase 3 (gene PLSCR3): binder (proposed)Evidence: primary literature

Development

Stealth BioTherapeutics. Highest phase: past the trial stage (see status).

Identifiers

PubChem 11764719, ChEMBL CHEMBL3833370, UNII 87GWG91S09, DrugBank DB11981, KEGG D10925, IUPHAR 14276

Full sequence, SMILES and InChIKey

Three-letter sequence
H-D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2

InChIKey
SFVLTCAESLKEHH-WKAQUBQDSA-N

SMILES
CC1=CC(=CC(=C1C[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](CCCN=C(N)N)N)C)O

See charge, composition and 3D structure on the Scientific page

The evidence

What SS-31 studies show

Results grouped by what the studies measured. Each card shows where its results come from.

Some studies in people129 of 1,784 results come from studies in people.

Daily life and fitness

72 results · 30 in people · 35 animal · 7 lab

In adults with a mitochondrial muscle disease, elamipretide did not improve walking distance more than placebo. Neurology, 2023

Top results

In adults with a mitochondrial muscle disease, elamipretide did not improve walking distance more than placebo. (Neurology, 2023)
In people with Barth syndrome, elamipretide did not improve symptom scores more than placebo in the first part of the trial. (Genetics in medicine, 2021)
In adults with a mitochondrial muscle disease, elamipretide did not reduce reported fatigue more than placebo. (Neurology, 2023)

Heart and blood vessels

158 results · 27 in people · 111 animal · 20 lab

In adults with heart failure, neither dose of elamipretide changed the heart's ejection fraction more than placebo. Journal of cardiac failure, 2020

Top results

In adults with heart failure, neither dose of elamipretide changed the heart's ejection fraction more than placebo. (Journal of cardiac failure, 2020)
In people with a first heart attack treated with stenting, MTP-131 did not significantly reduce heart damage compared with placebo. (European heart journal, 2016)
In people with heart failure, blood pressure stayed stable in all elamipretide dose groups. (Circulation. Heart failure, 2017)

Eyes

41 results · 27 in people · 14 animal

In people with dry AMD, elamipretide did not clearly change low-light vision compared with placebo, which missed its main goal. Ophthalmology science, 2025

Top results

In people with dry AMD, elamipretide did not clearly change low-light vision compared with placebo, which missed its main goal. (Ophthalmology science, 2025)
In people with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, vision sharpness did not change significantly more in eyes with elamipretide than in vehicle eyes. (Ophthalmology, 2024)
In adults with eye disease who finished the study, vision on an eye chart improved by 3.6 letters after 24 weeks. (Ophthalmology science, 2022)

Kidneys and bladder

130 results · 6 in people · 114 animal · 10 lab

In people with narrowed kidney arteries, kidney oxygen shortage rose after stenting with placebo but not with elamipretide. Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions, 2017

Top results

In people with narrowed kidney arteries, kidney oxygen shortage rose after stenting with placebo but not with elamipretide. (Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions, 2017)
In pigs with narrowed kidney arteries, Bendavia returned the function of kidney blood vessel lining to normal. (Cardiovascular research, 2014)
In patients with renovascular hypertension having a kidney procedure, elamipretide reduced the rise in a kidney injury marker in urine more than placebo. (Acta physiologica, 2019)

Cells, genes and aging

663 results · 5 in people · 345 animal · 313 lab

In healthy older adults, one dose of elamipretide raised the energy-making capacity of muscle mitochondria more than placebo right after infusion. PloS one, 2021

Top results

In healthy older adults, one dose of elamipretide raised the energy-making capacity of muscle mitochondria more than placebo right after infusion. (PloS one, 2021)
In people with Barth syndrome, a blood marker of the disease improved and was linked to clinical outcomes. (Genetics in medicine, 2024)
In mice with heart damage from aortic constriction, SS31 gave a lower oxidative-stress marker in the heart than no treatment. (American journal of translational research, 2017)

Overall treatment results

3 results · 3 in people

In one teenage patient with a progressive brain disease, speech difficulty improved during elamipretide treatment. Clinical case reports, 2024

Top results

In one teenage patient with a progressive brain disease, speech difficulty improved during elamipretide treatment. (Clinical case reports, 2024)
In one teenage patient with a progressive brain disease, swallowing difficulty improved during elamipretide treatment. (Clinical case reports, 2024)
In one teenage patient with a progressive brain disease, walking improved during elamipretide treatment. (Clinical case reports, 2024)

All 372 SS-31 studies by area Open the Scientific page

Key SS-31 studies

Studies in people come first, then studies in animals and in the lab.

People
Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial
Karaa et al. 2023 · Neurology · 218 people · cited by 66
3 results
People
ReCLAIM-2: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial Evaluating Elamipretide in Age-related Macular Degeneration, Geographic Atrophy Growth, Visual Function, and Ellipsoid Zone Preservation
Ehlers et al. 2025 · Ophthalmology science · 176 people · cited by 27
7 results
People
A randomized crossover trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy
Karaa et al. 2020 · Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 30 people · cited by 57
11 results
People
A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism
Reid et al. 2021 · Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · 12 people · cited by 112
7 results
People
Elamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Subjects with Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: A Randomized Trial
Karanjia et al. 2024 · Ophthalmology · 12 people · cited by 9
7 results

All 372 Elamipretide (SS-31) studies

SS-31 clinical trials

ClinicalTrials.gov lists 30 trials of SS-31. 3 are active or planned, and 14 have posted results. PepBank does not show trial results.

Solid bars are dates that happened. Hatched bars are planned dates. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

A Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Elamipretide Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy Followed by Open-Label Extension

Phase 3terminated218 planned

A Trial to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Elamipretide in Subjects With Barth Syndrome

Phase 2/3completed12 people

ReNEW:Phase 3 Study of Efficacy, Safety & Pharmacokinetics of Subcutaneous Injections of Elamipretide in Subjects With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry AMD)

Phase 3active, not recruiting313 planned

All 15 Elamipretide (SS-31) trials

Status and safety

Is SS-31 approved?

FDA

United States

Approved

Forzinity, since 2025.

EMA

European Union

Not approved

No approved medicine contains it.

WADA

Sport

Not banned

Not on the 2026 Prohibited List.

Yes. Approved in the US (Forzinity, 2025). The FDA label for Forzinity says: “To improve muscle strength in adult and pediatric patients with Barth syndrome weighing at least 30 kg” No central EU authorisation (EMA). Not listed as banned by WADA.

Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

SS-31 side effects and safety

PepBank has 35 safety results from studies of SS-31. 29 of them come from studies in people.

Safety results from studies (35)

In people with dry AMD, side effects were reported more often with elamipretide than with placebo. (Ophthalmology science, 2025)
In people with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, elamipretide eye drops were well tolerated, and most side effects were mild or moderate. (Ophthalmology, 2024)
In adults with a mitochondrial muscle disease, elamipretide was well tolerated, and most side effects were mild or moderate. (Neurology, 2023)
In adults with heart failure, drug-related side effects were about equally common with elamipretide and with placebo. (Journal of cardiac failure, 2020)
In people with heart failure, no serious side effects were reported after a single elamipretide infusion. (Circulation. Heart failure, 2017)
In adults with a mitochondrial muscle disease, injection site reactions, mostly mild, were the most common side effects of elamipretide. (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2020)
In trials in people, elamipretide injected under the skin caused more mild to moderate injection site events. (Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2022)
In adults with eye disease, every participant had at least one side effect, but all were mild or moderate. (Ophthalmology science, 2022)
In adults with dry age-related macular degeneration, every participant had at least one side effect outside the eye, but all were mild or moderate. (Ophthalmology science, 2022)
In people with Barth syndrome, elamipretide was well tolerated during long-term open-label treatment. (Genetics in medicine, 2024)
In two patients with rare mitochondrial diseases, elamipretide was well tolerated. (Clinical case reports, 2024)
In one child with Barth syndrome, elamipretide was generally well tolerated. (Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2026)
In one infant with Barth syndrome, elamipretide caused no significant side effects. One case cannot show safety in others. (Cardiovascular pathology, 2025)
In people with dry AMD, the most common side effects of elamipretide were reactions where the injection was given. (Ophthalmology science, 2025)
In people with heart failure, blood pressure stayed stable in all elamipretide dose groups. (Circulation. Heart failure, 2017)
In people with heart failure, heart rate stayed stable in all elamipretide dose groups. (Circulation. Heart failure, 2017)
In adults with a mitochondrial muscle disease, no serious side effects were reported with elamipretide. (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2020)
In adults with a mitochondrial muscle disease, no deaths were reported in the elamipretide trial. (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2020)
In people with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, no serious side effects were reported with elamipretide eye drops. (Ophthalmology, 2024)
In adults with eye disease, the most common side effects were reactions at the injection site. (Ophthalmology science, 2022)
In adults with eye disease, no serious side effects affecting the whole body occurred. (Ophthalmology science, 2022)
In adults with eye disease, one participant stopped treatment because of a reaction at the injection site. (Ophthalmology science, 2022)
In adults with eye disease, one participant left the study after short-lived vision problems. (Ophthalmology science, 2022)
In adults with dry age-related macular degeneration, no serious side effects were noted. (Ophthalmology science, 2022)

See every safety result on the Scientific page

Doses studied (40 shown)

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design	Source
40 mg/d	Human	human	subcutaneous	24 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 218	Karaa 2023
40 mg daily	Human	human	subcutaneous	48 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 176	Ehlers 2025
40 mg/day	Human	human	subcutaneous	4 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 30	Karaa 2020
40 mg per day	Human	human	Not reported	12 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 12	Reid 2021
1% solution	Human	human	topical ophthalmic	52 weeks	Randomized trial in people · n = 12	Karanjia 2024
0.05 mg/kg/h	Human	human	intravenous	1 h	Randomized trial in people	Gibson 2016
4 mg and 40 mg	Human	human	subcutaneous	28 consecutive days	Randomized trial in people · n = 71	Butler 2020
0.005, 0.05 and 0.25 mg/kg/h	Human	human	infusion	single 4-hour infusion	Randomized trial in people · n = 36	Daubert 2017
0.25 mg/kg/h	Human	human	infusion	single 4-hour infusion	Randomized trial in people · n = 20	Daubert 2017
0.05 mg/kg per hour	Human	human	intravenous	before and during PTRA	Randomized trial in people · n = 14	Saad 2017
4 mg	Human	human	subcutaneous	28 consecutive days	Randomized trial in people	Butler 2020
40 mg	Human	human	subcutaneous	28 consecutive days	Randomized trial in people	Butler 2020
40 mg daily	Human	human	Not reported	Not reported	Trial in people without random groups · n = 27	Hornby 2022
40 mg daily	Human	human	subcutaneous	24 weeks	Trial in people without random groups · n = 21	Allingham 2022
40 mg daily	Human	human	subcutaneous	24 weeks	Trial in people without random groups · n = 19	Mettu 2022
40 mg daily	Human	human	subcutaneous	168 weeks	Trial in people without random groups · n = 10	Thompson 2024
0.05 mg/kg/h	Human	human	intravenous	Not reported	Trial in people without random groups · n = 14	Eirin 2019
10 mg/day	Human	human	subcutaneous	6 months	Reports of single patients · n = 1	Amedro 2026
0.25 mg/kg daily, increased to 0.5 mg/kg on DOL39	Human	human	intravenous, then subcutaneous	Not reported	Reports of single patients · n = 1	Ortmann 2025
2.0 mg/kg/day	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	from day 28 after TAC induction, euthanasia by day 60	Study in live animals · n = 36	Lu 2017
5.0 mg/kg daily	Animal	mouse	Not reported	Not reported	Study in live animals · n = 26	Graham 2022
3 mg/kg	Animal	rat	intraperitoneal	Two doses: 30 min before ligation and 5 min before reperfusion	Study in live animals · n = 24	Cho 2007
5 mg/kg/d	Animal	mouse	Not reported	4 weeks	Study in live animals · n = 16	2022
0.5 mg/kg once daily	Animal	dog	subcutaneous	3 months	Study in live animals · n = 14	Sabbah 2016
0.1 mg/kg once daily	Animal	pig	subcutaneous	4 weeks	Study in live animals · n = 14	Eirin 2017
0.5 mg/kg	Animal	dog	subcutaneous	3 months	Study in live animals · n = 14	Sabbah 2019
0.1 mg/kg/day	Animal	pig	subcutaneous	last month of diet	Study in live animals · n = 6	Zhang 2019
0.1 mg/kg once daily	Animal	pig	subcutaneous	4 weeks	Study in live animals · n = 6	Yuan 2018
0.1 mg/kg daily	Animal	pig	injection	4 weeks	Study in live animals · n = 6	Eirin 2018
0.1 mg/kg once daily	Animal	pig	subcutaneous	4 weeks	Study in live animals · n = 6	Yuan 2018
10 mg/kg/day	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	2 weeks	Study in live animals	Tarantini 2018
3 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	1 hour	Study in live animals	Siegel 2013
5 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	Not reported	Study in live animals	Petri 2006
3 mg/kg/day	Animal	mouse	Not reported	8 weeks	Study in live animals	Campbell 2019
0.05 mg/kg	Animal	pig	intravenous	4 hours	Study in live animals	Eirin 2012
0.1 mg/kg	Animal	pig	subcutaneous	last 4 weeks of a 10-week ARVD period	Study in live animals	Eirin 2014
0.05 mg/kg/h	Animal	rabbit	intravenous	1 or 3 hours of reperfusion	Study in live animals	Brown 2014
5 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	immediately after operation and once daily for six consecutive days	Study in live animals	Wu 2015
10 mg/kg per day	Animal	mouse	Not reported	10 days	Study in live animals	Yang 2020
5 mg/kg	Animal	mouse	intraperitoneal	24 h	Study in live animals	Zhu 2018

From the community

How people use it

What people report online. It comes from forums and guides, not from studies.

Community-reported. Not tested in trials.

Elamipretide is an approved prescription drug (FORZINITY) for Barth syndrome, given at 40 mg once daily. Outside that use, community sources describe SS-31 injected at much lower amounts, about 1-10 mg daily, for anti-aging.

Reported routines and cautions

What people use it for

Barth syndrome, to improve muscle strength (labeled use, brand FORZINITY)S1 S2
General anti-aging and mitochondrial support in healthy people (off-label, as SS-31)S3S6
Exercise performance and recoveryS3

Reported regimens

Regimens that community sources report for Elamipretide. Community-reported, not tested in trials.
Context	Route	Amount	How often	How long	Agreement	Sources
FORZINITY label: Barth syndrome, patients weighing at least 30 kgOfficial label dosing of an approved product	subcutaneous injectionabdomen (at least 2 inches from the navel) or outer thigh; rotate the site daily	40 mg per dose	once daily, at the same time each day	Not stated	label dose, not community practice	S1
Anti-aging and mitochondrial support in healthy people (off-label, sold as SS-31)	subcutaneous injection	1 to 10 mg per dose	once daily	4 to 8 weeks (S3); 12 weeks on and 4 weeks off (S6)	sources differ: 1-5 mg (S3), 5-10 mg (S6), 5 mg start (S5). The range is not an average. All three sources carry seller links.	S3S5S6
Higher amounts that copy trial dosing	subcutaneous injection	10 to 40 mg per dose	once daily	not stated; S5 names 8 weeks on and 4 weeks off as one option	sources differ: 10-40 mg (S5) against occasional 10-20 mg (S6) Both sources carry seller links.	S5S6
Low-frequency maintenance	subcutaneous injection	0.5 to 1 mg per dose	3 to 5 times per week	8 to 12 weeks with breaks	single source. The source carries seller links.	S3

Reported side effects

injection-site reactions (most common in the label)S1S4
headache and mild nauseaS4
dizziness and fatigue (less common)S4

Reported benefits (claims, not shown in trials)

more energy, especially in exercise; gradual and subtleS3
better recovery from exerciseS3

Cautions

The label lists serious hypersensitivity to any ingredient as a contraindication. It warns of benzyl alcohol toxicity in neonates.S1
S5 states that no published data exists for subcutaneous self-administration in healthy people. S3 says these community uses are extrapolated from disease-specific clinical data.S5S3
S3 states that trial results in disease states do not predict benefits in healthy people, and that long-term effects in healthy people are unknown.S3
S4 notes that SS-31 from unregulated research suppliers has contamination and purity risks that cannot be checked without independent testing.S4

Status notes

On 2025-09-19 the FDA granted accelerated approval to FORZINITY (elamipretide) for Barth syndrome in patients weighing at least 30 kg. Approval rests on an intermediate endpoint (muscle strength). A confirmatory trial is required.S1 S2

Community sources

S1FORZINITY (elamipretide hydrochloride) injection: prescribing information (opens in a new tab)dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
S2FDA Grants Accelerated Approval to First Treatment for Barth Syndrome (opens in a new tab)fda.gov
S3SS-31: Community Protocols & Reportspeptideprotocolwiki.comcarries seller links, not linked
S4SS-31: The Peptide Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunctionpeptidepedia.orgcarries seller links, not linked
S5SS-31 (Elamipretide) Dosage Guidepeptidepedia.orgcarries seller links, not linked
S6SS-31 (Elamipretide): Benefits, Dosage & Side Effectsoutliyr.comcarries seller links, not linked

Gaps

Little first-hand community material found. No forum threads could be read (Reddit is blocked). The community amounts come from two wikis (S3, S5) and one review site (S6) that compile other pages. S5 carries a vendor advertisement and S6 has affiliate links. Pages with amounts from sellers were not used. Side effects for community doses come from one wiki (S4).

Questions and more

Ask a question about SS-31

The answer links to every study it uses.

What does the evidence say about SS-31?Is SS-31 tested in people?Compare with NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)Compare with AICAR (acadesine)

Sources

Database: PepBank data for SS-31 (data version 308560)
Regulator: WADA status record
Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov
Community: community sources (forums and guides), as summarized in the PepBank community file

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Ask your AI about SS-31

Elamipretide (SS-31)

ApprovedNot banned in sport

Also known as MTP-131, MTP131, RX-31, SS-31, SS31, Szeto-Schiller peptide and 6 more

What it is

Synthetic analog, 4 amino acids

Approval

Approved in the US (Forzinity, 2025)

In sport

Not listed as banned by WADA

Studies

372 studies with results. 299 of them gave SS-31, with 1,784 results.
129 in people1,109 in animals546 in lab cells

Best study in people

Randomized controlled trial with 218 people (2023)

Clinical trials

30 registered: 3 active or planned, 14 with posted results

Community use

Barth syndrome, to improve muscle strength (labeled use, brand FORZINITY); General anti-aging and mitochondrial support in healthy people (off-label, as SS-31); Exercise performance and recovery

Dose as reported

Class

Species

Route

Duration

Design

Source

40 mg/d

Human

human

subcutaneous

24 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 218

Karaa 2023

40 mg daily

Human

human

subcutaneous

48 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 176

Ehlers 2025

40 mg/day

Human

human

subcutaneous

4 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 30

Karaa 2020

40 mg per day

Human

human

Not reported

12 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 12

Reid 2021

1% solution

Human

human

topical ophthalmic

52 weeks

Randomized trial in people · n = 12

Karanjia 2024

0.05 mg/kg/h

Human

human

intravenous

1 h

Randomized trial in people

Gibson 2016

4 mg and 40 mg

Human

human

subcutaneous

28 consecutive days

Randomized trial in people · n = 71

Butler 2020

0.005, 0.05 and 0.25 mg/kg/h

Human

human

infusion

single 4-hour infusion

Randomized trial in people · n = 36

Daubert 2017

0.25 mg/kg/h

Human

human

infusion

single 4-hour infusion

Randomized trial in people · n = 20

Daubert 2017

0.05 mg/kg per hour

Human

human

intravenous

before and during PTRA

Randomized trial in people · n = 14

Saad 2017

4 mg

Human

human

subcutaneous

28 consecutive days

Randomized trial in people

Butler 2020

40 mg

Human

human

subcutaneous

28 consecutive days

Randomized trial in people

Butler 2020

40 mg daily

Human

human

Not reported

Trial in people without random groups · n = 27

Hornby 2022

40 mg daily

Human

human

subcutaneous

24 weeks

Trial in people without random groups · n = 21

Allingham 2022

40 mg daily

Human

human

subcutaneous

24 weeks

Trial in people without random groups · n = 19

Mettu 2022

40 mg daily

Human

human

subcutaneous

168 weeks

Trial in people without random groups · n = 10

Thompson 2024

0.05 mg/kg/h

Human

human

intravenous

Not reported

Trial in people without random groups · n = 14

Eirin 2019

10 mg/day

Human

human

subcutaneous

6 months

Reports of single patients · n = 1

Amedro 2026

0.25 mg/kg daily, increased to 0.5 mg/kg on DOL39

Human

human

intravenous, then subcutaneous

Not reported

Reports of single patients · n = 1

Ortmann 2025

2.0 mg/kg/day

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

from day 28 after TAC induction, euthanasia by day 60

Study in live animals · n = 36

Lu 2017

5.0 mg/kg daily

Animal

mouse

Not reported

Study in live animals · n = 26

Graham 2022

3 mg/kg

Animal

rat

intraperitoneal

Two doses: 30 min before ligation and 5 min before reperfusion

Study in live animals · n = 24

Cho 2007

5 mg/kg/d

Animal

mouse

Not reported

4 weeks

Study in live animals · n = 16

2022

0.5 mg/kg once daily

Animal

dog

subcutaneous

3 months

Study in live animals · n = 14

Sabbah 2016

0.1 mg/kg once daily

Animal

pig

subcutaneous

4 weeks

Study in live animals · n = 14

Eirin 2017

0.5 mg/kg

Animal

dog

subcutaneous

3 months

Study in live animals · n = 14

Sabbah 2019

0.1 mg/kg/day

Animal

pig

subcutaneous

last month of diet

Study in live animals · n = 6

Zhang 2019

0.1 mg/kg once daily

Animal

pig

subcutaneous

4 weeks

Study in live animals · n = 6

Yuan 2018

0.1 mg/kg daily

Animal

pig

injection

4 weeks

Study in live animals · n = 6

Eirin 2018

0.1 mg/kg once daily

Animal

pig

subcutaneous

4 weeks

Study in live animals · n = 6

Yuan 2018

10 mg/kg/day

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

2 weeks

Study in live animals

Tarantini 2018

3 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

1 hour

Study in live animals

Siegel 2013

5 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

Not reported

Study in live animals

Petri 2006

3 mg/kg/day

Animal

mouse

Not reported

8 weeks

Study in live animals

Campbell 2019

0.05 mg/kg

Animal

pig

intravenous

4 hours

Study in live animals

Eirin 2012

0.1 mg/kg

Animal

pig

subcutaneous

last 4 weeks of a 10-week ARVD period

Study in live animals

Eirin 2014

0.05 mg/kg/h

Animal

rabbit

intravenous

1 or 3 hours of reperfusion

Study in live animals

Brown 2014

5 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

immediately after operation and once daily for six consecutive days

Study in live animals

Wu 2015

10 mg/kg per day

Animal

mouse

Not reported

10 days

Study in live animals

Yang 2020

5 mg/kg

Animal

mouse

intraperitoneal

24 h

Study in live animals

Zhu 2018

Context

Route

Amount

How often

How long

Agreement

Sources

FORZINITY label: Barth syndrome, patients weighing at least 30 kgOfficial label dosing of an approved product

subcutaneous injectionabdomen (at least 2 inches from the navel) or outer thigh; rotate the site daily

40 mg per dose

once daily, at the same time each day

Not stated

label dose, not community practice

Anti-aging and mitochondrial support in healthy people (off-label, sold as SS-31)

subcutaneous injection

1 to 10 mg per dose

once daily

4 to 8 weeks (S3); 12 weeks on and 4 weeks off (S6)

sources differ: 1-5 mg (S3), 5-10 mg (S6), 5 mg start (S5). The range is not an average. All three sources carry seller links.

S3S5S6

Higher amounts that copy trial dosing

subcutaneous injection

10 to 40 mg per dose

once daily

not stated; S5 names 8 weeks on and 4 weeks off as one option

sources differ: 10-40 mg (S5) against occasional 10-20 mg (S6) Both sources carry seller links.

S5S6

Low-frequency maintenance

subcutaneous injection

0.5 to 1 mg per dose

3 to 5 times per week

8 to 12 weeks with breaks

single source. The source carries seller links.

Elamipretide (SS-31)

Elamipretide (SS-31) at a glance

What is SS-31?

The history of SS-31

Elamipretide (SS-31) structure and chemistry

What SS-31 studies show

Daily life and fitness

Heart and blood vessels

Eyes

Kidneys and bladder

Cells, genes and aging

Overall treatment results

Key SS-31 studies

SS-31 clinical trials

Is SS-31 approved?

SS-31 side effects and safety

How people use it

What people use it for

Reported regimens

Reported side effects

Reported benefits (claims, not shown in trials)

Cautions

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Elamipretide (SS-31)

Elamipretide (SS-31) at a glance

What is SS-31?

The history of SS-31

Elamipretide (SS-31) structure and chemistry

What SS-31 studies show

Daily life and fitness

Heart and blood vessels

Eyes

Kidneys and bladder

Cells, genes and aging

Overall treatment results

Key SS-31 studies

SS-31 clinical trials

Is SS-31 approved?

SS-31 side effects and safety

How people use it

What people use it for

Reported regimens

Reported side effects

Reported benefits (claims, not shown in trials)

Cautions

Status notes

Community sources

Ask a question about SS-31

Related peptides

Sources