Pharmacokinetics of Apixaban in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome Requiring Long Term Parenteral Nutrition
Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuvenn = 7020 Dec 2020 to 30 Sept 2025
Short Bowel Syndrome · Anticoagulation
PepBank has 54 teduglutide studies with results. All of them gave teduglutide, with 362 results, grouped by what the studies measured. In each group, results from studies in people come first. Data as of 2026-10-30.
Searches 362 results and 256 papers. Newer studies from Europe PMC
Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.
Teduglutide is a 33-residue GLP-2 analog. It replaces Ala2 with Gly and activates GLP-2 receptors. Its approved use concerns short bowel syndrome requiring parenteral support.
| Target | Action | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptorGLP2RO95838 (opens in a new tab) | Agonist | Official prescribing information, mechanism of actionSource (opens in a new tab) |
Residues, differences from the parent, calculated properties and 3D structure. Source values and calculated values are shown separately.
33 amino acids
No sequence is listed for the parent, so no alignment is shown.Teduglutide replaces alanine with glycine at position 2 of mature human GLP-2. UniProt P01275 contains GLP-2 at precursor residues 146-178. This is a GLP-2 analog relationship, not identity with mature glucagon. No existing glucagon slug is assigned as the parent.
@pepdb/chem 0.2.0 · EMBOSS pKa set · ExPASy residue masses
pI 4.01 · Net charge at pH 7.4: −3.95
Point or use arrow keys
Henderson-Hasselbalch, EMBOSS pKa set. Calculated, not measured.
| pH | Net charge |
|---|---|
| 0 | 4.00 |
| 1 | 3.99 |
| 2 | 3.91 |
| 3 | 3.17 |
| 4 | 0.05 |
| 5 | −2.51 |
| 6 | −3.19 |
| 7 | −3.78 |
| 8 | −4.17 |
| 9 | −4.73 |
| 10 | −5.10 |
| 11 | −5.64 |
| 12 | −6.18 |
| 13 | −6.75 |
| 14 | −6.97 |
33 residues. Each residue counts in one class; F and W count as aromatic.
Loads the 3D viewer (3Dmol.js, about 150 KB) and the model file from AlphaFold DB (EMBL-EBI).
Teduglutide has 33 residues. A full-atom drawing is hard to read at this size; the sequence view is the reference.
SMILES fromPubChem CID 16139605(opens in a new tab)
CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CC=CC=C4)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC5=CN=CN5)NAn ideal alpha-helix projection. It shows where the hydrophobic residues fall if the peptide folds as a helix. It does not show that it does.
Eisenberg consensus (normalized) scale · + K, R · − D, E
Assumes an ideal α-helix: 100° per residue, 3.6 residues per turn. The arrow is the mean hydrophobic moment (Eisenberg et al. 1984) and points at the hydrophobic face.
| Position | Residue | Angle | Eisenberg consensus (normalized) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 0° | -0.40 |
| 2 | G | 100° | 0.48 |
| 3 | D | 200° | -0.90 |
| 4 | G | 300° | 0.48 |
| 5 | S | 40° | -0.18 |
| 6 | F | 140° | 1.19 |
| 7 | S | 240° | -0.18 |
| 8 | D | 340° | -0.90 |
| 9 | E | 80° | -0.74 |
| 10 | M | 180° | 0.64 |
| 11 | N | 280° | -0.78 |
| 12 | T | 20° | -0.05 |
| 13 | I | 120° | 1.38 |
| 14 | L | 220° | 1.06 |
| 15 | D | 320° | -0.90 |
| 16 | N | 60° | -0.78 |
| 17 | L | 160° | 1.06 |
| 18 | A | 260° | 0.62 |
| 19 | A | 0° | 0.62 |
| 20 | R | 100° | -2.53 |
| 21 | D | 200° | -0.90 |
| 22 | F | 300° | 1.19 |
| 23 | I | 40° | 1.38 |
| 24 | N | 140° | -0.78 |
| 25 | W | 240° | 0.81 |
| 26 | L | 340° | 1.06 |
| 27 | I | 80° | 1.38 |
| 28 | Q | 180° | -0.85 |
| 29 | T | 280° | -0.05 |
| 30 | K | 20° | -1.50 |
| 31 | I | 120° | 1.38 |
| 32 | T | 220° | -0.05 |
| 33 | D | 320° | -0.90 |
People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.
PepBank reads each paper before it shows the results. This search looks in Europe PMC for newer papers that PepBank has not read yet.
Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.
Teduglutide has 256 linked papers. PepBank read up to 120 of the most-cited studies that gave it to people, up to 20 other studies, and the main trials.
Studies by year
54 of 256 studies have results (21%), published 2004 to 2026. Top row: every study. Bottom row: studies with results about Teduglutide, by class. The rows use different scales.
Studies256 in all, 2004 to 2027
Studies with results54 in all, 2004 to 2026
Retracted studies are left out. A study with results in two classes counts in both.
AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.
Registered trials that test the peptide, with phase, status and dates. A dot marks trials with posted results.
46 trials match. Highest phase first. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.
25 of 46 trials
Safety and Efficacy Study of Teduglutide in Subjects With Short Bowel Syndrome
NCT0008145825 May 2004 to 6 Jul 2007
Safety and Efficacy Study of Teduglutide in Subjects With Short Bowel Syndrome Who Completed Protocol CL0600-004 (NCT00081458)
NCT0017218510 Jan 2005 to 24 Jan 2008
Open-Label Study of Teduglutide for Subjects With PN-Dependent Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)
NCT0093064421 Sept 2009 to 24 Jan 2013
A Pharmacokinetic, Safety, and Pharmacodynamic Study of Teduglutide in Pediatric Subjects With Short Bowel Syndrome
NCT0195208014 Nov 2013 to 9 Jan 2015
Study to Evaluate the Safety, Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Teduglutide in Japanese Subjects With PN-dependent Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)
NCT0234081918 Dec 2014 to 5 Nov 2018
Short Bowel Syndrome Research Study for Children Up To 17 Years of Age on Parenteral Nutrition
NCT0268238123 Jun 2016 to 18 Aug 2017
Long-term Study of Teduglutide in Pediatric Subjects With Short Bowel Syndrome Who Completed the TED-C13-003 Study
NCT029493629 Dec 2016 to 14 Jul 2020
25 trials · 1 ongoing · 22 completed · 1 stopped early · 17 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)
Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuvenn = 7020 Dec 2020 to 30 Sept 2025
Short Bowel Syndrome · Anticoagulation
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Parisn = 252 Jul 2018 to 13 Jul 2020
Short Bowel Syndrome
Mayo Clinicn = 8Jan 2014 to Mar 2015
Short Bowel Syndrome
Takedan = 1326 Jun 2025 to est. 28 Jul 2027
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 619 Jan 2017 to 5 Nov 2020
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 299 Dec 2016 to 14 Jul 2020
Short Bowel Syndrome
Takedan = 34 Jan 2022 to 27 Sept 2023
Short Bowel Syndrome
Takedan = 119 Jul 2018 to 13 Jan 2022
Short Bowel Syndrome
Allegheny Singer Research Institute (also known as Allegheny Health Network Research Institute)n = 02 Jun 2022 to 29 Dec 2022
Ileostomy - Stoma
University Health Network, Toronton = 1021 Sept 2018 to 1 Dec 2021
Hyperlipidemias
University Health Network, Toronton = 2117 Jan 2019 to 1 Dec 2021
Hyperlipidemias
Shiren = 923 Aug 2017 to 2 Nov 2021
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 1013 Jan 2017 to 21 Jan 2020
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 8821 Sept 2009 to 24 Jan 2013
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 1421 May 2012 to 23 Jul 2013
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 8425 May 2004 to 6 Jul 2007
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 4214 Nov 2013 to 9 Jan 2015
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 1118 Dec 2014 to 5 Nov 2018
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 5923 Jun 2016 to 18 Aug 2017
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 8625 Nov 2008 to 25 Jan 2011
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 6510 Jan 2005 to 24 Jan 2008
Short Bowel Syndrome
Shiren = 1031 Aug 2018 to 24 Sept 2020
Short Bowel Syndrome
University Health Network, Toronton = 151 May 2019 to est. May 2022
Hyperlipidemias
Shiren = 76 Jul 2018 to 6 Aug 2019
Short Bowel Syndrome
University Health Network, Toronton = 1027 Sept 2017 to 20 Mar 2019
Hyperlipidemias
4 more mention it but do not test it. They are not trials of Teduglutide: they only measure it (a blood level or an eligibility term) or name it in their text.
Studies on this peptide. Some have results. The others have none yet.
256 studies match. Retracted studies are left out.
Showing 25 of 256 studiesquery qry_da91379b92424165e5511e68
54 studies in all, 19 on this page
Non-randomized trial · 2012
Jeppesen et al. 2012Gastroenterologyn = 86cited by 348
PMID 22982184DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.09.007PUB-22982184
Randomized controlled trial · 2011
Jeppesen et al. 2011Gutn = 83cited by 323
PMID 21317170PMC3112364DOI 10.1136/gut.2010.218271PUB-21317170
Non-randomized trial · 2016
Schwartz et al. 2016Clinical and translational gastroenterologyn = 88cited by 157
PMID 26844839PMC4817413DOI 10.1038/ctg.2015.69PUB-26844839
Non-randomized trial · 2017
Carter et al. 2017The Journal of pediatricscited by 135
PMID 27855998DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.027PUB-27855998
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2018
Bindels et al. 2018Oncotargetcited by 130
PMID 29719601PMC5915068DOI 10.18632/oncotarget.24804PUB-29719601
Non-randomized trial · 2013
O'Keefe et al. 2013Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Associationn = 52cited by 122
PMID 23333663DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.029PUB-23333663
Randomized controlled trial · 2010
Buchman et al. 2010Inflammatory bowel diseasescited by 109
PMID 19821509DOI 10.1002/ibd.21117PUB-19821509
Non-randomized trial · 2018
Jeppesen et al. 2018Gastroenterologycited by 102
PMID 29174926DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.11.023PUB-29174926
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2020
Norona et al. 2020Bloodcited by 99
PMID 32542357PMC7498363DOI 10.1182/blood.2020005957PUB-32542357
Non-randomized trial · 2020
Kocoshis et al. 2020JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutritionn = 59cited by 98
PMID 31495952PMC7318247DOI 10.1002/jpen.1690PUB-31495952
Randomized controlled trial · 2013
Jeppesen et al. 2013Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)n = 86cited by 79
PMID 23587733DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.016PUB-23587733
Observational study · 2017
Iyer et al. 2017JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutritionn = 134cited by 68
PMID 27875291PMC5639959DOI 10.1177/0148607116680791PUB-27875291
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2004
Booth et al. 2004Cell proliferationcited by 67
PMID 15548172PMC6495530DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2004.00320.xPUB-15548172
Non-randomized trial · 2018
Seidner et al. 2018Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutritionn = 14cited by 66
PMID 29761915DOI 10.1002/ncp.10092PUB-29761915
Non-randomized trial · 2008
Marier et al. 2008Journal of clinical pharmacologycited by 65
PMID 18974283DOI 10.1177/0091270008320605PUB-18974283
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2020
Akiba et al. 2020American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiologycited by 53
PMID 32390462PMC7311662DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.00079.2020PUB-32390462
Non-randomized trial · 2013
Tappenden et al. 2013Journal of clinical gastroenterologycited by 51
PMID 23426461DOI 10.1097/mcg.0b013e3182828f57PUB-23426461
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2020
Hargrove et al. 2020The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeuticscited by 51
PMID 32075870DOI 10.1124/jpet.119.262238PUB-32075870
Randomized controlled trial · 2020
Chen et al. 2020JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutritionn = 86cited by 48
PMID 31006876PMC7004164DOI 10.1002/jpen.1588PUB-31006876
195 studies in all, 6 on this page
PubMed tag: Clinical Trial, Multicenter Study · 2005
Jeppesen et al. 2005Gutcited by 353
PMID 16099790PMC1774653DOI 10.1136/gut.2004.061440PUB-16099790
PubMed tag: Observational Study, Multicenter Study · 2020
Joly et al. 2020Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)cited by 65
PMID 31932048DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.12.019PUB-31932048
PubMed tag: Historical Article · 2015
Drucker et al. 2015Diabetescited by 61
PMID 25614665DOI 10.2337/db14-1514PUB-25614665
Indexing hint: Animal study · 2018
Yang et al. 2018Journal of medicinal chemistrycited by 54
PMID 29528634DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00768PUB-29528634
PubMed tag: none · 2019
Pevny et al. 2019Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)cited by 52
PMID 30145039DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.07.030PUB-30145039
PubMed tag: none · 2012
Alters et al. 2012PloS onecited by 47
PMID 23189208PMC3506575DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0050630PUB-23189208
Page 1 of 2
Jeppesen PB · Gut · 2011
Randomized controlled trial · 8 results
Berg JK · BMC gastroenterology · 2014
Randomized controlled trial · 7 results
Yeh DD · Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2022
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Buchman AL · Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2010
Randomized controlled trial · 7 results
Chandwe K · Nature communications · 2024
Randomized controlled trial · 1 result
Micic D · Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2024
Randomized controlled trial · 3 results
Fujioka K · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2017
Randomized controlled trial · 2 results
Jeppesen PB · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2013
Randomized controlled trial · 6 results
Chen K · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2020
Randomized controlled trial · 4 results
Chen KS · Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2018
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Hartmann M · Clinical pharmacology in drug development · 2012
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Seidner DL · Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2015
Randomized controlled trial · 5 results
Jeppesen PB · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2020
Randomized controlled trial · 1 result
Fifi A · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2023
Non-randomized trial · 3 results
Jeppesen PB · Gastroenterology · 2012
Non-randomized trial · 5 results
Kocoshis SA · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2020
Non-randomized trial · 19 results
Nave R · European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2013
Non-randomized trial · 7 results
Hill S · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2021
Non-randomized trial · 14 results
Schwartz LK · Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2016
Non-randomized trial · 11 results
Wales PW · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2024
Non-randomized trial · 5 results
Wendel D · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2026
Non-randomized trial · 4 results
O'Keefe SJ · Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2013
Non-randomized trial · 11 results
Armstrong D · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2020
Non-randomized trial · 5 results
Seidner DL · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2020
Non-randomized trial · 7 results
Chen K · Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2021
Non-randomized trial · 12 results
Nakamura S · Surgery today · 2023
Non-randomized trial · 8 results
Seidner DL · Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2018
Non-randomized trial · 9 results
Xiao C · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2019
Non-randomized trial · 4 results
Iturrino J · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2016
Non-randomized trial · 8 results
Masumoto K · Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society · 2026
Non-randomized trial · 8 results
Carter BA · The Journal of pediatrics · 2017
Non-randomized trial · 13 results
Jeppesen PB · Gastroenterology · 2018
Non-randomized trial · 4 results
Marier JF · Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2008
Non-randomized trial · 9 results
Tappenden KA · Journal of clinical gastroenterology · 2013
Non-randomized trial · 4 results
Pape UF · Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2020
Non-randomized trial · 9 results
Iyer KR · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2017
Observational study · 2 results
Pauline ML · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2021
Animal study (in vivo) · pig · 19 results
Thymann T · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2014
Animal study (in vivo) · pig · 4 results
Bindels LB · Oncotarget · 2018
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 1 result
Norona J · Blood · 2020
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 7 results
Booth C · Cell proliferation · 2004
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 7 results
Akiba Y · American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2020
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2 results
Hargrove DM · The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2020
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 15 results
Arda-Pirincci P · Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2011
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 9 results
Wismann P · Physiology & behavior · 2018
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 5 results
Nuzzo D · Neurobiology of disease · 2019
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 6 results
Fuchs CD · Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2023
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 8 results
Maruta K · Digestive diseases and sciences · 2020
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 1 result
Reiner J · Digestive diseases and sciences · 2020
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 7 results
Naberhuis JK · JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2017
Animal study (in vivo) · pig · 17 results
Approval and sport status, and the safety outcomes reported in study results. Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.
| Jurisdiction | Body | Status | As of | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | FDA |
| 27 Oct 2026 | dailymed.nlm.nih.gov (opens in a new tab) |
| EU | EMA |
| 27 Oct 2026 | ema.europa.eu (opens in a new tab) |
| Sport | WADA | Not listed as banned by WADA Teduglutide, GATTEX, and Revestive are not named in the 2026 list. | 2026 List | wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab) |
73 safety results for Teduglutide.
In patients with short bowel syndrome, teduglutide treatment did not affect GI adverse event probability in logistic regression analysis.
Randomized controlled trialn = 136
In patients with short bowel syndrome, serious adverse events were distributed similarly between teduglutide groups and placebo.
Randomized controlled trialn = 83
In healthy volunteers, QTcF curves after both teduglutide doses were almost superposable with placebo curves.
Randomized controlled trialn = 72
In Crohn's disease, adverse events did not differ between teduglutide groups and placebo.
Randomized controlled trialn not reported
All 89 children with SBS-IF receiving teduglutide had adverse events.
Non-randomized trialn = 89
Vomiting occurred in 51.7% of children receiving teduglutide.
Non-randomized trialn = 89
In patients with short bowel syndrome, 34% reported abdominal pain during the teduglutide extension study.
Non-randomized trialn = 88
In children with SBS-IF, most TEAEs were moderate or severe in intensity in the any-teduglutide group and in the seven patients who did not receive teduglutide in either the parent or LTE studies.
Non-randomized trialn = 78
The top 24 of 73 results.
The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.
0.05 mg/kg/dayHuman
0.10 mg/kg/dayHuman
4 mg once dailyHuman
0.05, 0.10, or 0.20 mg/kg dailyHuman
0.2 mg/kg/dHuman
0.05 or 0.10 mg/kg/dayHuman
6 of 46 shown
PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.
Data version, change history and code for this peptide.
curl -s https:// pepbank.io/ v1/ briefs/ teduglutideEvidence summary for Teduglutide: counts by class, key results with sources, notices, data version.
In PepBank now:147 peptides, 6 blends and 13 other compounds97,577 study results from 17,383 studies8,473 clinical trialsUpdated
Top outcomes
The 8 outcome groups with the most study results, by evidence class.
Data version 308560. Bar length is the number of results, not the size of an effect.
Evidence matrix
Study results by outcome and evidence class. Arrows show how the measured outcome moved, not whether the change is good.
| Outcome group | Human | Animal | Lab | Computer model | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intensive care and hospital outcomesGastrointestinal | Human: 85 results from 14 studies: 14 increase, 47 decrease, 3 no significant change, 21 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | No results | No results | No results | 85 |
| Adverse eventsWhole body | Human: 50 results from 19 studies: 1 increase, 1 decrease, 2 no significant change, 46 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | No results | No results | No results | 50 |
| Gastrointestinal adverse eventsGastrointestinal | Human: 17 results from 7 studies: 3 increase, 5 decrease, 2 no significant change, 7 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | No results | No results | No results | 17 |
| PharmacokineticsPharmacology | Human: 13 results from 3 studies: 8 increase, 1 no significant change, 4 not reported. Strongest design: Non-randomized trial | Animal: 4 results from 2 studies: 1 mixed, 3 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo) | No results | No results | 17 |
| Quality of lifeWhole body | Human: 13 results from 3 studies: 2 increase, 3 decrease, 3 no significant change, 5 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | No results | No results | No results | 13 |
| Parenteral supportGastrointestinal | Human: 10 results from 3 studies: 2 increase, 3 decrease, 5 not reported. Strongest design: Non-randomized trial | No results | No results | No results | 10 |
| Gastrointestinal protectionGastrointestinal | Human: 6 results from 4 studies: 3 increase, 2 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | Animal: 41 results from 9 studies: 26 increase, 9 decrease, 1 no significant change, 5 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo) | No results | No results | 47 |
| Gastrointestinal motilityGastrointestinal | Human: 6 results from 2 studies: 1 decrease, 5 no significant change. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | No results | No results | No results | 6 |
| Intestinal adaptationGastrointestinal | Human: 5 results from 2 studies: 4 increase, 1 mixed. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | Animal: 2 results from 1 study: 2 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo) | No results | No results | 7 |
| Disease ActivityGastrointestinal | Human: 5 results from 1 study: 4 increase, 1 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | No results | No results | No results | 5 |
| Liver fat and liver functionLiver | Human: 3 results from 1 study: 3 decrease. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | Animal: 8 results from 1 study: 3 increase, 5 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo) | No results | No results | 11 |
| Heart functionCardiovascular | Human: 3 results from 1 study: 3 not reported. Strongest design: Randomized controlled trial | No results | No results | No results | 3 |
12 outcome groups shown of 38 · 362 study results
Data version 308560. Shade grows with the number of results. Every cell shows the exact count.
Trials by phase
25 registered trials loaded of 46, grouped by phase and shown by status.
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov, data version 308560. Status is the registry status. The counts cover only the loaded trials.