TB-500 / Studies

Synthetic fragment · 7 amino acids · 889 Da

TB-500 studies and research data

PepBank has 10 TB-500 studies with results. 7 of them gave TB-500, with 36 results, grouped by what the studies measured. In each group, results from studies in people come first. Data as of 2026-10-30.

Searches 36 results and 25 papers. Newer studies from Europe PMC

Results in people

0% of 36 results

Results in animals

61% of 36 results

Results in lab cells

39% of 36 results

From computer models

0% of 36 results

The molecule

TB-500 identity

Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.

TB-500 is a product name for Ac-LKKTETQ-OH, the N-acetylated 17-23 fragment of human thymosin beta-4 (GSRS QHK6Z47GTG). LKKTETQ is the actin-binding site of thymosin beta-4; UniProt lists no acetylation at this leucine in the native protein, so the acetyl cap is synthetic. Mouse wound-repair, endothelial-cell and chick aortic-ring assays with an LKKTETQ peptide report activity similar to the full protein. FDA's 2026 briefing document describes the peptide in the Philp et al. 2003 mouse wound study as non-acetylated LKKTETQ, so that study did not test the acetylated TB-500 substance. Doping-control laboratories identified Ac-LKKTETQ in TB-500 preparations in 2012. One phase 1/2 trial started in 2026.

Kind: Synthetic fragment · 7 residues
Identifiers: PubChem CID62707662 (opens in a new tab)UNIIQHK6Z47GTG (opens in a new tab)CAS885340-08-9
Parent: Fragment of Thymosin beta-4 (human) · residues 18-24GSRS name 'N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4'. LKKTETQ matches UniProt P62328 positions 18-24. The N-terminal acetyl group is added: UniProt P62328 lists no modification at Leu18 (mature Leu17).
Development: Phase 1No developer identified. Trial sponsor: Hudson Biotech (NCT07487363).NCT07487363 is a combined phase 1/2, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-escalation study of 'TB-500 (thymosin beta 4 17-23 fragment)' in stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, recruiting, start 2026-02-05, Shenzhen, China, 80 planned. Recorded here as phase_1 because no phase 2-only trial exists. FDA states it has not identified human exposure data (page current as of 2026-04-22). Ho et al. 2012 describe TB-500 as a veterinary preparation. Source (opens in a new tab)

Targets

Molecular targets with action and evidence source
Target	Action	Evidence
Actin, monomeric (G-actin)	Binding site: lkktetq is the actin binding motif of thymosin beta 4 (binding of the acetylated 7 mer itself not measured in the cited abstracts)	primary literature (doping-control and mouse wound-repair studies)Source (opens in a new tab)

Sequence and structure

Residues, differences from the parent, calculated properties and 3D structure. Source values and calculated values are shown separately.

Sequence

7 amino acids · 1 modification

LKKTETQ

-OH

Alignment to Thymosin beta-4 (human)

Calculated from the two sequences. Curated notes are shown as given.

7 of 7 aligned residues identical (100%) · 1 modified residue · Thymosin beta-4 (human) 17–23

Top row: Thymosin beta-4 (human) (parent)
Bottom row: TB-500

KKTET

Same as parent
Substituted
Non-canonical or D-form
Added
Gap
Modified side chain or end
Parent context

Differences from the parent

1Parent 17 · analog 1Leu, modified · N-terminal acetylN-acetyl-L-leucine at position 1. GSRS records it as structural modification 'Levacetylleucine' (UNII E915HL7K2O).

Basis: GSRS name 'N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4'. LKKTETQ matches UniProt P62328 positions 18-24. The N-terminal acetyl group is added: UniProt P62328 lists no modification at Leu18 (mature Leu17).

Calculated from the two sequences with @pepdb/chem alignToParent (ungapped unless a gap scores higher). The record’s curated notes are shown as given.

Properties

From identity sources

Formula: C₃₈H₆₈N₁₀O₁₄
Molecular weight: 889 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass: 888.4916 Da

GSRS UNII QHK6Z47GTG(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
PubChem CID 62707662(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08
UniProt P62328(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-08

Calculated from the sequence

pKa set

Average mass: 889.02 Da; Sum of ExPASy residue masses + water + N-acetyl · ExPASy Compute pI/Mw; FindMod
Monoisotopic mass: 888.4917 Da; Sum of ExPASy residue masses + water + N-acetyl · ExPASy FindMod
Isoelectric point (pI): 7.36; pH of zero net charge, EMBOSS pKa set · EMBOSS iep, Epk.dat
Net charge at pH 7.4: −0.00; Henderson-Hasselbalch, EMBOSS pKa set · EMBOSS iep, Epk.dat
GRAVY (hydropathy): −1.771; Mean Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy · Kyte and Doolittle 1982; Negative: hydrophilic on average.
Extinction coefficient, 280 nm (Cys reduced): 0 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹; 5500 x Trp + 1490 x Tyr · Pace et al. 1995 (ExPASy ProtParam); No Trp or Tyr: absorbance at 280 nm cannot measure this peptide.
Instability index: 13.19; Dipeptide instability weights (DIWV) · Guruprasad et al. 1990; 40 or below: classed as stable (ExPASy).
Aliphatic index: 55.7; Mole % A + 2.9 V + 3.9 (I + L) · Ikai 1980
Boman index: 3.38 kcal/mol; Mean solubility value (negated) · Boman 2003; Above 2.48: high protein-binding potential (Boman).
Hydrophobic moment (μH): Not calculated; The sequence is too short for this method.
pI with each pKa set: EMBOSS 7.36Bjellqvist (ExPASy) 7.10IPC peptide 7.27IPC protein 6.59

Defined and validated for proteins; use with care for short peptides.
Assumes an ideal alpha helix. Many short peptides are not helical.

@pepdb/chem 0.2.0 · EMBOSS pKa set · ExPASy residue masses

Net charge by pH

pI 7.36 · Net charge at pH 7.4: −0.00

Point or use arrow keys

Henderson-Hasselbalch, EMBOSS pKa set, N-acetyl. Calculated, not measured.

Show as table

pH	Net charge
0	2.00
1	2.00
2	1.97
3	1.73
4	0.84
5	0.15
6	0.02
7	0.00
8	−0.00
9	−0.03
10	−0.27
11	−1.23
12	−1.88
13	−1.99
14	−2.00

Composition

Hydrophobic14% (1)L
Positive29% (2)K
Negative14% (1)E
Polar43% (3)Q T

7 residues. Each residue counts in one class; F and W count as aromatic.

A Ala0 · 0%

I Ile0 · 0%

L Leu1 · 14%

M Met0 · 0%

V Val0 · 0%

F Phe0 · 0%

W Trp0 · 0%

Y Tyr0 · 0%

H His0 · 0%

K Lys2 · 29%

R Arg0 · 0%

D Asp0 · 0%

E Glu1 · 14%

N Asn0 · 0%

Q Gln1 · 14%

S Ser0 · 0%

T Thr2 · 29%

C Cys0 · 0%

G Gly0 · 0%

P Pro0 · 0%

3D structure

PredictedAlphaFold DB · P62328

Loads the 3D viewer (3Dmol.js, about 150 KB) and the model file from AlphaFold DB (EMBL-EBI).

2D structure

Draws the structure in your browser with RDKit (about 2.3 MB, loaded once).

SMILES fromPubChem CID 62707662(opens in a new tab)

C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)C)O

Results by area

TB-500 results by year and outcome

Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Studies by year

10 of 25 studies have results (40%), published 2012 to 2026. Top row: every study. Bottom row: studies with results about TB-500, by class. The rows use different scales.

Studies
Human
Animal
Lab
Computer model
Natural levels, tool or combination only

Studies25 in all, 2012 to 2026

Studies with results10 in all, 2012 to 2026

Retracted studies are left out. A study with results in two classes counts in both.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

What the studies measured

People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

TB-500 studies on muscles and tendons

8 results · people 0 · animals 8 · lab 0

Top 3 of 8 results

In rats with repaired Achilles tendons, TB‑500 made the tendon stronger than in untreated controls.Joint diseases and related surgery, 2026
In rats with repaired Achilles tendons, TB‑500 gave better tendon tissue scores than no treatment.Joint diseases and related surgery, 2026
In rats with repaired Achilles tendons, TB‑500 gave better tendon tissue scores than no treatment.Joint diseases and related surgery, 2026

TB-500 studies on brain and nerves

8 results · people 0 · animals 5 · lab 3

Top 3 of 8 results

In mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP lowered the activation of brain support cells.International immunopharmacology, 2026
In mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP lowered nerve-cell death.International immunopharmacology, 2026
In mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP restored nerve fibre density in one brain area.International immunopharmacology, 2026

TB-500 studies on blood levels and clearance

5 results · people 0 · animals 4 · lab 1

Top 3 of 5 results

In two horses given TB‑500 by injection under the skin, the active part and one breakdown product were found in blood plasma.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2013
In horses given one dose of TB‑500, the test found the peptide and its breakdown products in urine and plasma.Journal of chromatography. A, 2012
In rats given TB‑500, the breakdown product Ac-LK was the main one and was highest in the first 6 hours.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2024

TB-500 studies on skin, hair and wounds

8 results · people 0 · animals 2 · lab 6

Top 4 of 8 results

In an animal model of corneal burn, the TB500 hydrogel sped up healing of the surface layer.ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2025
In lab-grown fibroblast cells, TB‑500 itself did not speed wound closing compared with control; only one breakdown product, Ac-LKKTE, did.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2024
In an animal model of corneal burn, the TB500 hydrogel improved how well the cornea acts as a barrier.ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2025
In lab-grown human corneal cells, the TB500 hydrogel helped the cells move.ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2025

TB-500 studies on memory and thinking

2 results · people 0 · animals 2 · lab 0

2 results

In mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP improved results in a water maze memory test.International immunopharmacology, 2026
In mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP improved results in an object recognition memory test.International immunopharmacology, 2026

TB-500 studies on immune system and inflammation

4 results · people 0 · animals 1 · lab 3

4 results

In an animal model of corneal burn, the TB500 hydrogel reduced inflammation.ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2025
In cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP lowered nitric oxide made by immune brain cells after an inflammatory trigger.International immunopharmacology, 2026
In cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP lowered the activity of genes for inflammatory signals in immune brain cells.International immunopharmacology, 2026
In cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP reduced the switch of immune brain cells to an inflammatory state.International immunopharmacology, 2026

TB-500 studies on side effects

1 result · people 0 · animals 0 · lab 1

1 result

In lab-grown fibroblast cells, neither TB‑500 nor its breakdown products were toxic to the cells.Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2024

Trials and papers

TB-500 trials

Registered trials that test the peptide, with phase, status and dates. A dot marks trials with posted results.

StatusPhase

1 trial match. Highest phase first. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

Trials on this page (1 of 1)

1 trial · 1 ongoing

Completed
Ongoing
Not yet recruiting
Stopped
Estimated dates (est.)
Results posted

2026202720282029

Ph 1/2
TBRIDGE-CV
NCT07487363
5 Feb 2026 to est. 17 Feb 2028

1 trial · 1 ongoing · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

RecruitingPhase 1/2NCT07487363

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD

Hudson Biotechn = 805 Feb 2026 to est. 17 Feb 2028

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases · Endothelial Dysfunction

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 23 Mar 2026

Papers

Studies on this peptide. Some have results. The others have none yet.

Sort

Design

25 studies match. Retracted studies are left out.

Showing 16 of 25 studiesquery qry_24b5706745d943d732bd1d8d

Studies with results

10 studies

Not a test of TB-500 alone · 2016

22 results

Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry.

Thomas et al. 2016Journal of separation sciencecited by 38

PMID 26578461DOI 10.1002/jssc.201501060PUB-26578461

Rights unknown3 results where TB-500 was a tool, carrier or part of a combination

Source link See results (22)

Animal study (in vivo) · horse · 2012

2 results

Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Ho et al. 2012Journal of chromatography. Acited by 33

PMID 23084823DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.043PUB-23084823

Full text at the publisher1 result where TB-500 was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (2)

Not a test of TB-500 alone · 2012

2 results

Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential.

Esposito et al. 2012Drug testing and analysiscited by 31

PMID 22962027DOI 10.1002/dta.1402PUB-22962027

Rights unknown2 results where TB-500 was a tool, carrier or part of a combination

Source link See results (2)

In vitro (cell-free) · 2015

6 results

In vitro models for metabolic studies of small peptide hormones in sport drug testing.

Esposito et al. 2015Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Societycited by 26

PMID 25469748DOI 10.1002/psc.2710PUB-25469748

Full text at the publisher1 result where TB-500 was given

Publisher page See results (6)

Animal study (in vivo) · horse · 2013

12 results

Doping control analysis of seven bioactive peptides in horse plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Kwok et al. 2013Analytical and bioanalytical chemistryn = 2cited by 25

PMID 23318763DOI 10.1007/s00216-012-6697-9PUB-23318763

Full text at the publisher1 result where TB-500 was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (12)

Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2024

5 results

Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro.

Rahaman et al. 2024Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciencescited by 4

PMID 38382158DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124033PUB-38382158

Full text at the publisher4 results where TB-500 was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (5)

Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2026

13 results

Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease.

Ou et al. 2026International immunopharmacologycited by 1

PMID 41443105DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.116097PUB-41443105

Full text at the publisher13 results where TB-500 was given

Publisher page See results (13)

Animal study (in vivo) · 2025

9 results

Alkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel.

Lu et al. 2025ACS applied materials & interfaces

PMID 41359360DOI 10.1021/acsami.5c14652PUB-41359360

Full text at the publisher8 results where TB-500 was given (plus 1 on tools or combinations, listed separately)

Publisher page See results (9)

Not a test of TB-500 alone · 2026

21 results

Rapid and harmonized analytical workflow for the determination of peptidic and non-peptidic doping agents in dried and liquid blood matrices.

Mazzarino et al. 2026The Analyst

PMID 42328738DOI 10.1039/d6an00455ePUB-42328738

Full text at the publisher3 results where TB-500 was a tool, carrier or part of a combination

Publisher page See results (21)

Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2026

17 results

Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study.

Biçer et al. 2026Joint diseases and related surgery

PMID 42542926DOI 10.52312/jdrs.2026.2951PUB-42542926

Venkatakrishnan et al. 2026Preprints.org

DOI 10.20944/preprints202609.0501.v1PUB-98886054

Luansritisakul et al. 2026Current pain and headache reports

PMID 42635865DOI 10.1007/s11916-026-01542-zPUB-42635865

Full text at the publisher

Publisher page

PubMed tag: Review · 2026

Dangers of Injectable Peptides and Other Unregulated "Biohacking" Drugs.

Moiz et al. 2026Missouri medicine

PMID 42757290PMC13585006PUB-42757290

Rights unknown

Source link

Newer studies

PepBank reads each paper before it shows the results. This search looks in Europe PMC for newer papers that PepBank has not read yet.

TB-500 studies: 10 papers with results

Page 1 of 1

Doping control analysis of seven bioactive peptides in horse plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Kwok WH · Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2013
Animal study (in vivo) · horse · 12 results
Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Ho EN · Journal of chromatography. A · 2012
Animal study (in vivo) · horse · 2 results
Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro.
Rahaman KA · Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences · 2024
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 5 results
Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease.
Ou H · International immunopharmacology · 2026
Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 13 results
Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study.
Biçer O · Joint diseases and related surgery · 2026
Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 17 results
Alkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel.
Lu P · ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025
Animal study (in vivo) · 9 results
In vitro models for metabolic studies of small peptide hormones in sport drug testing.
Esposito S · Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society · 2015
In vitro (cell-free) · 6 results
Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry.
Thomas A · Journal of separation science · 2016
Not a test of TB-500 alone · 22 results
Rapid and harmonized analytical workflow for the determination of peptidic and non-peptidic doping agents in dried and liquid blood matrices.
Mazzarino M · The Analyst · 2026
Not a test of TB-500 alone · 21 results
Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential.
Esposito S · Drug testing and analysis · 2012
Not a test of TB-500 alone · 2 results

Status and safety

Regulatory and safety

Approval and sport status, and the safety outcomes reported in study results. Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction, with date and source
Jurisdiction	Body	Status	As of	Source
US	FDA	No Drugs@FDA record found. FDA orphan designations exist for full-length thymosin beta-4, not for this fragment (see thymosin-beta-4 record).	30 Oct 2026	hhs.gov (opens in a new tab)
EU	EMA	No centrally authorised medicine and no orphan designation for this substance in the EMA data files (medicines and orphan designations, timestamp 2026-10-08). National authorisations were not checked.	30 Oct 2026	ema.europa.eu (opens in a new tab)
Sport	WADA	Banned in sport (WADA S2) S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators names 'Thymosin-β4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500' (2026 List).	2026 List	wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab)

Safety outcomes

1 safety result for TB-500.

No safety results from studies in people

The safety results below come from animal or lab studies. They do not show what happens in people.

Lab evidence· 1

In fibroblasts, no cytotoxicity of TB‑500 or its metabolites was found.
In vitro (cells)

Doses studied · 4

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

10 mg N-acetylated LKKTETQAnimal
Species
horse
Route
subcutaneous
Duration
Not reported
Design
Animal study (in vivo) · n = 2
single dose containing 10 mg N-acetylated LKKTETQAnimal
Species
horse
Route
Not reported
Duration
single dose
Design
Animal study (in vivo)
60 µg/kg/dayAnimal
Species
rat
Route
intraperitoneal
Duration
4 weeks
Design
Animal study (in vivo)
TB-500 60 µg/kg/day with BPC-157 10 µg/kg/dayAnimal
Species
rat
Route
intraperitoneal
Duration
4 weeks
Design
Animal study (in vivo)

Doses studied in the study results, as given in the studies.
Dose as reported	Class	Species	Route	Duration	Design
10 mg N-acetylated LKKTETQ	Animal	horse	subcutaneous	Not reported	Animal study (in vivo) · n = 2
single dose containing 10 mg N-acetylated LKKTETQ	Animal	horse	Not reported	single dose	Animal study (in vivo)
60 µg/kg/day	Animal	rat	intraperitoneal	4 weeks	Animal study (in vivo)
TB-500 60 µg/kg/day with BPC-157 10 µg/kg/day	Animal	rat	intraperitoneal	4 weeks	Animal study (in vivo)

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Data

Data and API

Data version, change history and code for this peptide.

Data version 30856030 Oct 2026

Peptide

Peptide id: PEP-000003
Peptide version: 10
Peptide hash: b7f8b1adf12bf51d…
Data version: 308560

Latest changes

30 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 308553
27 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 256781
22 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 254578
21 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 213665
14 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 194725
13 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 173566

For developers

curl -s https://pepbank.io/v1/briefs/tb-500

Evidence summary for TB-500: counts by class, key results with sources, notices, data version.

Peptide as JSON Evidence summary as JSON

Compare

BPC-157 vs TB-500

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
NeuroprotectionNervous system and cognition	No results	Animal: 5 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 3 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 3 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 1 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	8
Tendon and ligament healingMusculoskeletal	No results	Animal: 8 results from 1 study: 2 increase, 2 decrease, 2 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	8
Wound healingSkin and wound	No results	Animal: 2 results from 1 study: 2 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 6 results from 2 studies: 5 increase, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	8
PharmacokineticsPharmacology	No results	Animal: 4 results from 3 studies: 4 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cell-free)	No results	5
Inflammation markersImmune and inflammation	No results	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 3 results from 1 study: 3 decrease. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	4
Cognition and memoryNervous system and cognition	No results	Animal: 2 results from 1 study: 2 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	2
Adverse eventsPharmacology	No results	No results	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	1

Outcome group	Human	Animal	Lab	Computer model	Total
NeuroprotectionNervous system and cognition	No results	Animal: 5 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 3 decrease, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 3 results from 1 study: 1 increase, 1 decrease, 1 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	8
Tendon and ligament healingMusculoskeletal	No results	Animal: 8 results from 1 study: 2 increase, 2 decrease, 2 no significant change, 2 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	8
Wound healingSkin and wound	No results	Animal: 2 results from 1 study: 2 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 6 results from 2 studies: 5 increase, 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	8
PharmacokineticsPharmacology	No results	Animal: 4 results from 3 studies: 4 not reported. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 not reported. Strongest design: In vitro (cell-free)	No results	5
Inflammation markersImmune and inflammation	No results	Animal: 1 result from 1 study: 1 decrease. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	Lab: 3 results from 1 study: 3 decrease. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	4
Cognition and memoryNervous system and cognition	No results	Animal: 2 results from 1 study: 2 increase. Strongest design: Animal study (in vivo)	No results	No results	2
Adverse eventsPharmacology	No results	No results	Lab: 1 result from 1 study: 1 no significant change. Strongest design: In vitro (cells)	No results	1

TB-500 studies and research data

TB-500 identity

Targets

Sequence and structure

Sequence

Alignment to Thymosin beta-4 (human)

Properties

Net charge by pH

Composition

3D structure

2D structure

TB-500 results by year and outcome

What the studies measured

TB-500 studies on muscles and tendons

TB-500 studies on brain and nerves

TB-500 studies on blood levels and clearance

TB-500 studies on skin, hair and wounds

TB-500 studies on memory and thinking

TB-500 studies on immune system and inflammation

TB-500 studies on side effects

TB-500 trials

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD

Papers

Studies with results

Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry.

Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential.

In vitro models for metabolic studies of small peptide hormones in sport drug testing.

Doping control analysis of seven bioactive peptides in horse plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro.

Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase-Triggered Spatiotemporal Repair of Corneal Injury with TB500 Peptide Hydrogel.

Rapid and harmonized analytical workflow for the determination of peptidic and non-peptidic doping agents in dried and liquid blood matrices.

Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study.

More studies

Comparison of various in vitro model systems of the metabolism of synthetic doping peptides: Proteolytic enzymes, human blood serum, liver and kidney microsomes and liver S9 fraction.

Evaluation of Research Grade Peptides Marketed Directly to Consumers Reveals Extensive Variability in Purity and Measured Abundance

Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review

Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance

Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance

Rising Use of Unapproved BPC-157 (“Wolverine Peptide”) and Associated Patient-Reported Outcomes Curated from Clinical Notes

Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls.

Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions.

Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians.

Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.

Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging.

Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine.

Peptides in Regenerative Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Applications in Tissue Repair and Chronic Pain Management.

Dangers of Injectable Peptides and Other Unregulated "Biohacking" Drugs.

Newer studies

TB-500 studies: 10 papers with results

Regulatory and safety

Lab evidence· 1

Doses studied · 4

Data and API

Peptide

Latest changes

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Related peptides

TB-500 results by year and outcome

TB-500 studies on muscles and tendons

TB-500 studies on brain and nerves

TB-500 studies on blood levels and clearance

TB-500 studies on skin, hair and wounds

TB-500 studies on memory and thinking

TB-500 studies on immune system and inflammation

TB-500 studies on side effects

TB-500 trials

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD

Papers

Studies with results

Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry.

Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential.

In vitro models for metabolic studies of small peptide hormones in sport drug testing.

Doping control analysis of seven bioactive peptides in horse plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro.

Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease.