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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · mouse · 2026

13 results

Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease.

Ou H, Chen R, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Yang Z

International immunopharmacology23 Dec 2025Cited by 1 (Europe PMC)

PMID41443105 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/j.intimp.2025.116097 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-41443105
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study13

13 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP improved Morris water maze performance, ameliorating cognitive impairment.

    In plain wordsIn mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP improved results in a water maze memory test.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    IncreaseMorris water maze performance
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    5 × FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    Outcome group
    Cognition and memory · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP ameliorated cognitive impairments, as evidenced by improved performance in the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP improved novel object recognition performance, ameliorating cognitive impairment.

    In plain wordsIn mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP improved results in an object recognition memory test.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    IncreaseNovel object recognition performance
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    5 × FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    Outcome group
    Cognition and memory · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP ameliorated cognitive impairments, as evidenced by improved performance in the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP markedly reduced glial activation on immunohistochemistry.

    In plain wordsIn mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP lowered the activation of brain support cells.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    DecreaseGlial activation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    5 × FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Immunohistochemical analyses revealed markedly reduced glial activation
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP markedly reduced neuronal apoptosis on immunohistochemistry.

    In plain wordsIn mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP lowered nerve-cell death.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    DecreaseNeuronal apoptosis
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    5 × FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Immunohistochemical analyses revealed markedly reduced glial activation and neuronal apoptosis in treated mice.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP restored axonal density in the perirhinal cortex.

    In plain wordsIn mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP restored nerve fibre density in one brain area.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    IncreaseAxonal density in perirhinal cortex
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    5 × FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    the peptides restored axonal density in the perirhinal cortex
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP attenuated β-amyloid plaque-associated dystrophic neurites.

    In plain wordsIn mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP reduced damaged nerve fibres around amyloid plaques.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    DecreasePlaque-associated dystrophic neurites
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    5 × FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    attenuated β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque-associated dystrophic neurites, though hippocampal Aβ burden remained unchanged.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  7. 07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In 5 × FAD mice, TB500 and Ac-SDKP did not change hippocampal Aβ burden.

    In plain wordsIn mice with Alzheimer-like disease, TB500 and Ac-SDKP did not change the amount of amyloid in the hippocampus.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    No significant changeHippocampal Aβ burden
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    5 × FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    hippocampal Aβ burden remained unchanged.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  8. 08LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons, TB500 and Ac-SDKP significantly attenuated neurite atrophy.

    In plain wordsIn cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP reduced the loss of nerve-cell projections caused by Aβ25-35.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    DecreaseNeurite atrophy
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons, TB500 and Ac-SDKP significantly attenuated neurite atrophy, restored cell viability, and modulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  9. 09LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons, TB500 and Ac-SDKP restored cell viability.

    In plain wordsIn cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP brought back cell survival that Aβ25-35 had reduced.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    IncreaseCell viability
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons, TB500 and Ac-SDKP significantly attenuated neurite atrophy, restored cell viability, and modulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  10. 10LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons, TB500 and Ac-SDKP modulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes.

    In plain wordsIn cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP changed the activity of genes linked to cell death.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedApoptosis-related gene expression
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In Aβ25-35-treated HT22 cells and primary cortical neurons, TB500 and Ac-SDKP significantly attenuated neurite atrophy, restored cell viability, and modulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  11. 11LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In BV2 microglia, TB500 and Ac-SDKP suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production.

    In plain wordsIn cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP lowered nitric oxide made by immune brain cells after an inflammatory trigger.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    DecreaseNitric oxide production
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In BV2 microglia assays, the peptides exhibited robust anti-inflammatory effects, as shown by suppressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting M1 microglial polarization.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  12. 12LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In BV2 microglia, TB500 and Ac-SDKP reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

    In plain wordsIn cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP lowered the activity of genes for inflammatory signals in immune brain cells.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    DecreasePro-inflammatory cytokine expression
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In BV2 microglia assays, the peptides exhibited robust anti-inflammatory effects, as shown by suppressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting M1 microglial polarization.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.
  13. 13LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    In BV2 microglia, TB500 and Ac-SDKP inhibited M1 microglial polarization.

    In plain wordsIn cells, TB500 and Ac-SDKP reduced the switch of immune brain cells to an inflammatory state.

    Peptide
    TB-500
    Outcome
    DecreaseM1 microglial polarization
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In BV2 microglia assays, the peptides exhibited robust anti-inflammatory effects, as shown by suppressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting M1 microglial polarization.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This study explored the therapeutic potential of Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-derived peptides (TB500 and Ac-SDKP) in mitigating AD-related neuropathology.
    Summary · context
    Using the 5 × FAD mouse model and established in vitro AD cell systems, we evaluated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of these peptides.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Versions 5 to 29Current

    28 Oct 2026, 02:04 UTC

    The same notice was added 25 times, first on 13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study results updated

  2. Version 4

    12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 3

    9 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    Study results updated

  4. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  5. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:02 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

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