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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2026

22 results

Systemic Pharmacokinetic Principles of Therapeutic Peptides.

Nordell P, Jansson-Löfmark R, Gennemark P

Clinical pharmacokinetics9 Feb 2026Cited by 3 (Europe PMC)

PMID41661442 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC13038672 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1007/s40262-025-01615-z (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-41661442
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study22

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone22

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

  1. 01Computer modelNot a test of Liraglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    For liraglutide, pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by interspecies allometric relationships.

    In plain wordsComputer analysis described how liraglutide pharmacokinetics scaled across species.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableInterspecies allometric relationships
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, for each peptide drug, these pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by inter-species allometric relationships.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  2. 02Computer modelNot a test of Pramlintide (Symlin) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    For pramlintide, pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by interspecies allometric relationships.

    In plain wordsComputer analysis described how pramlintide pharmacokinetics scaled across species.

    Peptide
    Pramlintide (Symlin)
    Outcome
    Not applicableInterspecies allometric relationships
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, for each peptide drug, these pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by inter-species allometric relationships.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Pramlintide (Symlin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Pramlintide (Symlin).

  3. 03Computer modelNot a test of Semaglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    For semaglutide, pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by interspecies allometric relationships.

    In plain wordsComputer analysis described how semaglutide pharmacokinetics scaled across species.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableInterspecies allometric relationships
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, for each peptide drug, these pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by inter-species allometric relationships.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  4. 04Computer modelNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    For tirzepatide, pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by interspecies allometric relationships.

    In plain wordsComputer analysis described how tirzepatide pharmacokinetics scaled across species.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    Not applicableInterspecies allometric relationships
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, for each peptide drug, these pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by inter-species allometric relationships.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  5. 05Computer modelNot a test of Liraglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In pharmacokinetic models including liraglutide, predictions broadly agreed with collected data but tended to overpredict distribution volume.

    In plain wordsComputer models including liraglutide broadly matched measured drug behavior but tended to overestimate distribution volume.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    MixedModel prediction agreement
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Theoretical predictions from these models were broadly consistent with collected data; however, there was a tendency to overpredict the volume of distribution.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  6. 06Computer modelNot a test of Pramlintide (Symlin) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In pharmacokinetic models including pramlintide, predictions broadly agreed with collected data but tended to overpredict distribution volume.

    In plain wordsComputer models including pramlintide broadly matched measured drug behavior but tended to overestimate distribution volume.

    Peptide
    Pramlintide (Symlin)
    Outcome
    MixedModel prediction agreement
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Theoretical predictions from these models were broadly consistent with collected data; however, there was a tendency to overpredict the volume of distribution.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Pramlintide (Symlin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Pramlintide (Symlin).

  7. 07Computer modelNot a test of Semaglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In pharmacokinetic models including semaglutide, predictions broadly agreed with collected data but tended to overpredict distribution volume.

    In plain wordsComputer models including semaglutide broadly matched measured drug behavior but tended to overestimate distribution volume.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    MixedModel prediction agreement
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Theoretical predictions from these models were broadly consistent with collected data; however, there was a tendency to overpredict the volume of distribution.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  8. 08Computer modelNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In pharmacokinetic models including tirzepatide, predictions broadly agreed with collected data but tended to overpredict distribution volume.

    In plain wordsComputer models including tirzepatide broadly matched measured drug behavior but tended to overestimate distribution volume.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    MixedModel prediction agreement
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Theoretical predictions from these models were broadly consistent with collected data; however, there was a tendency to overpredict the volume of distribution.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  9. 09Computer modelNot a test of Liraglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    Across peptide models including liraglutide, apparent clearance scaling exponents ranged from 0.58 to 0.88.

    In plain wordsComputer models including liraglutide gave pooled clearance scaling exponents from 0.58 to 0.88.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableClearance allometric exponents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The allometric exponents for apparent clearance ranged from 0.58 to 0.88 (geometric mean: 0.72; n = 9; R2 ≥ 0.93)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  10. 10Computer modelNot a test of Pramlintide (Symlin) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    Across peptide models including pramlintide, apparent clearance scaling exponents ranged from 0.58 to 0.88.

    In plain wordsComputer models including pramlintide gave pooled clearance scaling exponents from 0.58 to 0.88.

    Peptide
    Pramlintide (Symlin)
    Outcome
    Not applicableClearance allometric exponents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The allometric exponents for apparent clearance ranged from 0.58 to 0.88 (geometric mean: 0.72; n = 9; R2 ≥ 0.93)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Pramlintide (Symlin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Pramlintide (Symlin).

  11. 11Computer modelNot a test of Semaglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    Across peptide models including semaglutide, apparent clearance scaling exponents ranged from 0.58 to 0.88.

    In plain wordsComputer models including semaglutide gave pooled clearance scaling exponents from 0.58 to 0.88.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableClearance allometric exponents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The allometric exponents for apparent clearance ranged from 0.58 to 0.88 (geometric mean: 0.72; n = 9; R2 ≥ 0.93)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  12. 12Computer modelNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    Across peptide models including tirzepatide, apparent clearance scaling exponents ranged from 0.58 to 0.88.

    In plain wordsComputer models including tirzepatide gave pooled clearance scaling exponents from 0.58 to 0.88.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    Not applicableClearance allometric exponents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The allometric exponents for apparent clearance ranged from 0.58 to 0.88 (geometric mean: 0.72; n = 9; R2 ≥ 0.93)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  13. 13Computer modelNot a test of Liraglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    Across peptide models including liraglutide, distribution volume scaling exponents ranged from 0.89 to 1.1.

    In plain wordsComputer models including liraglutide gave pooled distribution volume scaling exponents from 0.89 to 1.1.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableDistribution volume allometric exponents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    while those for apparent volume of distribution ranged from 0.89 to 1.1 (geometric mean: 0.98; n = 8; R2 ≥ 0.88).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  14. 14Computer modelNot a test of Pramlintide (Symlin) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    Across peptide models including pramlintide, distribution volume scaling exponents ranged from 0.89 to 1.1.

    In plain wordsComputer models including pramlintide gave pooled distribution volume scaling exponents from 0.89 to 1.1.

    Peptide
    Pramlintide (Symlin)
    Outcome
    Not applicableDistribution volume allometric exponents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    while those for apparent volume of distribution ranged from 0.89 to 1.1 (geometric mean: 0.98; n = 8; R2 ≥ 0.88).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Pramlintide (Symlin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Pramlintide (Symlin).

  15. 15Computer modelNot a test of Semaglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    Across peptide models including semaglutide, distribution volume scaling exponents ranged from 0.89 to 1.1.

    In plain wordsComputer models including semaglutide gave pooled distribution volume scaling exponents from 0.89 to 1.1.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableDistribution volume allometric exponents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    while those for apparent volume of distribution ranged from 0.89 to 1.1 (geometric mean: 0.98; n = 8; R2 ≥ 0.88).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  16. 16Computer modelNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    Across peptide models including tirzepatide, distribution volume scaling exponents ranged from 0.89 to 1.1.

    In plain wordsComputer models including tirzepatide gave pooled distribution volume scaling exponents from 0.89 to 1.1.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    Not applicableDistribution volume allometric exponents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    while those for apparent volume of distribution ranged from 0.89 to 1.1 (geometric mean: 0.98; n = 8; R2 ≥ 0.88).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  17. 17Computer modelNot a test of Liraglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In models including liraglutide, scaling exponents did not differ between unconjugated and fatty-acid conjugated peptide classes.

    In plain wordsComputer models including liraglutide found similar scaling exponents for the two peptide classes.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeScaling exponents by conjugation class
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Notably, there were no differences in scaling exponents between unconjugated and fatty-acid conjugated peptides.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  18. 18Computer modelNot a test of Pramlintide (Symlin) aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In models including pramlintide, scaling exponents did not differ between unconjugated and fatty-acid conjugated peptide classes.

    In plain wordsComputer models including pramlintide found similar scaling exponents for the two peptide classes.

    Peptide
    Pramlintide (Symlin)
    Outcome
    No significant changeScaling exponents by conjugation class
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Notably, there were no differences in scaling exponents between unconjugated and fatty-acid conjugated peptides.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Pramlintide (Symlin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Pramlintide (Symlin).

  19. 19Computer modelNot a test of Semaglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In models including semaglutide, scaling exponents did not differ between unconjugated and fatty-acid conjugated peptide classes.

    In plain wordsComputer models including semaglutide found similar scaling exponents for the two peptide classes.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeScaling exponents by conjugation class
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Notably, there were no differences in scaling exponents between unconjugated and fatty-acid conjugated peptides.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  20. 20Computer modelNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In models including tirzepatide, scaling exponents did not differ between unconjugated and fatty-acid conjugated peptide classes.

    In plain wordsComputer models including tirzepatide found similar scaling exponents for the two peptide classes.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    No significant changeScaling exponents by conjugation class
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Notably, there were no differences in scaling exponents between unconjugated and fatty-acid conjugated peptides.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  21. 21Computer modelNot a test of Apraglutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    In pharmacokinetic models, apraglutide parameters followed interspecies allometric relationships, as reported for each studied peptide drug.

    In plain wordsIn computer models, apraglutide pharmacokinetic parameters followed scaling relationships across species.

    Peptide
    Apraglutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableInterspecies allometric relationships for pharmacokinetic parameters
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Classical pharmacokinetic and interspecies allometric models
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, for each peptide drug, these pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by inter-species allometric relationships.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).
    Summary · context
    Algebraic equations for clearance, volume of distribution, and plasma half-life were derived.

    In this study, Apraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Apraglutide.

  22. 22Computer modelNot a test of Pemvidutide aloneIn silicoPharmacokinetics

    For pemvidutide, inter-species allometric relationships described the pharmacokinetic parameters in the collected data.

    In plain wordsIn computer models, relationships based on species size described pemvidutide's pharmacokinetic parameters in the collected data.

    Peptide
    Pemvidutide
    Outcome
    Not applicableInter-species allometric description of pharmacokinetic parameters
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Inter-species allometric relationships using published and internal pharmacokinetic data
    Outcome group
    Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Furthermore, for each peptide drug, these pharmacokinetic parameters were well described by inter-species allometric relationships.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data were collected from published literature and AstraZeneca internal sources, covering four unconjugated peptides (teduglutide, apraglutide, pramlintide, and exenatide) and five fatty-acid conjugated peptides (tirzepatide, cotadutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and pemvidutide).

    In this study, Pemvidutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Pemvidutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Versions 6 to 8Current

    27 Oct 2026, 16:37 UTC

    The same notice was added 3 times, first on 27 Oct 2026, 16:32 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  2. Version 5

    22 Oct 2026, 02:25 UTC

    Study results updated

  3. Versions 2 to 4

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    The same notice was added 3 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  4. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.