Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RA in non-diabetic patients with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Ismaiel A, Scarlata GGM, Boitos I, Leucuta DC, Popa SL, Al Srouji N, Abenavoli L, Dumitrascu DL

International journal of obesity (2005)13 Aug 2025Cited by 38 (Europe PMC)

PMID40804463PMCIDPMC12532569DOI10.1038/s41366-025-01859-6PepBankPUB-40804463

Summary

IntroductionOverweight and obesity are major global health issues, increasing disease risk and straining healthcare systems. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are effective for weight loss but cause gastrointestinal side effects, affecting adherence. Research often focuses on diabetics, leaving a gap in understanding their effects on non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity. This systematic review and dose-response network meta-analysis addresses this gap, analyzing gastrointestinal adverse events from GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic subjects with overweight or obesity.MethodsWe evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity. Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.ResultsThirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects. All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide. Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase. Exenatide, cagrilinitide, orforglipron were not associated with diarrhea risk. Finally, semaglutide and liraglutide were associated to increased constipation risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.ConclusionsGLP-1 RAs showed several adverse gastrointestinal effects in non-diabetic patients with overweight or obesity. Understanding the different risk profiles of GLP-1 RAs helps clinicians make informed treatment decisions by balancing therapeutic benefits with potential side effects.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study19

11 results from studies that gave the peptide. 11 results from people.

01HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In searched studies of non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, liraglutide was associated with higher nausea risk; the exact original reference and native analyzed N were unstated.
In plain wordsIn reviewed people with overweight or obesity without diabetes, liraglutide had higher nausea risk; the exact comparison was unspecified.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Increasenausea risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
Thirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446301
02HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In searched studies of non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, semaglutide was associated with higher nausea risk; the exact original reference and native analyzed N were unstated.
In plain wordsIn reviewed people with overweight or obesity without diabetes, semaglutide had higher nausea risk; the exact comparison was unspecified.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Increasenausea risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
Thirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446302
03HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In searched studies of non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, tirzepatide was associated with higher nausea risk; the exact original reference and native analyzed N were unstated.
In plain wordsIn reviewed people with overweight or obesity without diabetes, tirzepatide had higher nausea risk; the exact comparison was unspecified.
Peptide
Tirzepatide
Outcome
Increasenausea risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
Thirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446303
04HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In searched studies of non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, liraglutide was associated with higher vomiting risk; the exact original reference and native analyzed N were unstated.
In plain wordsIn reviewed people with overweight or obesity without diabetes, liraglutide had higher vomiting risk; the exact comparison was unspecified.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Increasevomiting risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
Thirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446304
05HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In searched studies of non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, semaglutide was associated with higher vomiting risk; the exact original reference and native analyzed N were unstated.
In plain wordsIn reviewed people with overweight or obesity without diabetes, semaglutide had higher vomiting risk; the exact comparison was unspecified.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Increasevomiting risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
Thirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446305
06HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In searched studies of non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, tirzepatide was associated with higher vomiting risk; the exact original reference and native analyzed N were unstated.
In plain wordsIn reviewed people with overweight or obesity without diabetes, tirzepatide had higher vomiting risk; the exact comparison was unspecified.
Peptide
Tirzepatide
Outcome
Increasevomiting risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
Thirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446306
07HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In searched studies of non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, liraglutide was associated with higher constipation risk; the exact original reference and native analyzed N were unstated.
In plain wordsIn reviewed people with overweight or obesity without diabetes, liraglutide had higher constipation risk; the exact comparison was unspecified.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Increaseconstipation risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Finally, semaglutide and liraglutide were associated to increased constipation risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
Thirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446307
08HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In searched studies of non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, semaglutide was associated with higher constipation risk; the exact original reference and native analyzed N were unstated.
In plain wordsIn reviewed people with overweight or obesity without diabetes, semaglutide had higher constipation risk; the exact comparison was unspecified.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Increaseconstipation risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Finally, semaglutide and liraglutide were associated to increased constipation risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
Thirty-nine articles were included in the review showing a total number of 33,354 individuals.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446308
09HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, orforglipron significantly increased nausea risk and had the highest risk among evaluated agents.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, orforglipron increased nausea risk and had the highest risk among evaluated agents.
Peptide
Orforglipron
Outcome
IncreaseNausea risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This systematic review and dose-response network meta-analysis addresses this gap, analyzing gastrointestinal adverse events from GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic subjects with overweight or obesity.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446317
10HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, orforglipron was associated with increased vomiting risk.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, orforglipron was linked to increased vomiting risk.
Peptide
Orforglipron
Outcome
IncreaseVomiting risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This systematic review and dose-response network meta-analysis addresses this gap, analyzing gastrointestinal adverse events from GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic subjects with overweight or obesity.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446318
11HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, orforglipron was not associated with diarrhea risk.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic people with overweight or obesity, orforglipron was not linked to diarrhea risk.
Peptide
Orforglipron
Outcome
No significant changeDiarrhea risk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Exenatide, cagrilinitide, orforglipron were not associated with diarrhea risk.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This systematic review and dose-response network meta-analysis addresses this gap, analyzing gastrointestinal adverse events from GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic subjects with overweight or obesity.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446319

Studies that did not test the peptide alone8

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

12HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic overweight/obesity study pools including liraglutide, nausea was among the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects; no native-specific rate was reported.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic overweight or obesity study pools including liraglutide, nausea was among the most common gastrointestinal effects; native rates were unspecified.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicablenausea among common gastrointestinal adverse effects
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
Summary · context
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446309
13HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic overweight/obesity study pools including semaglutide, nausea was among the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects; no native-specific rate was reported.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic overweight or obesity study pools including semaglutide, nausea was among the most common gastrointestinal effects; native rates were unspecified.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Not applicablenausea among common gastrointestinal adverse effects
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
Summary · context
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446310
14HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic overweight/obesity study pools including tirzepatide, nausea was among the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects; no native-specific rate was reported.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic overweight or obesity study pools including tirzepatide, nausea was among the most common gastrointestinal effects; native rates were unspecified.
Peptide
Tirzepatide
Outcome
Not applicablenausea among common gastrointestinal adverse effects
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
Summary · context
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446311
15HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic overweight/obesity study pools including liraglutide, vomiting was among the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects; no native-specific rate was reported.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic overweight or obesity study pools including liraglutide, vomiting was among the most common gastrointestinal effects; native rates were unspecified.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicablevomiting among common gastrointestinal adverse effects
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
Summary · context
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446312
16HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic overweight/obesity study pools including semaglutide, vomiting was among the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects; no native-specific rate was reported.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic overweight or obesity study pools including semaglutide, vomiting was among the most common gastrointestinal effects; native rates were unspecified.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Not applicablevomiting among common gastrointestinal adverse effects
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
Summary · context
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446313
17HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic overweight/obesity study pools including tirzepatide, vomiting was among the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects; no native-specific rate was reported.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic overweight or obesity study pools including tirzepatide, vomiting was among the most common gastrointestinal effects; native rates were unspecified.
Peptide
Tirzepatide
Outcome
Not applicablevomiting among common gastrointestinal adverse effects
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
Summary · context
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446314
18HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic overweight/obesity study pools including liraglutide, constipation was among the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects; no native-specific rate was reported.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic overweight or obesity study pools including liraglutide, constipation was among the most common gastrointestinal effects; native rates were unspecified.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicableconstipation among common gastrointestinal adverse effects
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
Summary · context
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446315
19HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In non-diabetic overweight/obesity study pools including semaglutide, constipation was among the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects; no native-specific rate was reported.
In plain wordsIn non-diabetic overweight or obesity study pools including semaglutide, constipation was among the most common gastrointestinal effects; native rates were unspecified.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Not applicableconstipation among common gastrointestinal adverse effects
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common gastrointestinal adverse effects.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We evaluated available evidence by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases, according to specific inclusion and exclusion eligibility criteria to evaluate gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RAs in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.
Summary · context
Quality assessment of included studies was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
Summary · context
All evaluated GLP-1 RAs led to a significant increase in nausea risk, with orforglipron showing the highest risk, followed by exenatide, tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutide.
Summary · context
Additionally, liraglutide, orforglipron, semaglutide, and tirzepatide were associated with increased vomiting risk, while cagrilinitide and exenatide showed no significant increase.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4080446316

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 ongoing · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

RecruitingPhase 4NCT07513168

Low-Dose Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obese Non-Diabetic Pakistani Adults

Asian Institute Of Medical Sciencesn = 601 Aug 2025 to est. 1 Dec 2026

Obesity · Weight Reduction · Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 6 Apr 2026

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Versions 6 to 17Current
28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC
The same notice was added 12 times, first on 14 Oct 2026, 05:02 UTC. The status did not change between them.
Study results updated
Version 5
14 Oct 2026, 01:46 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 4
12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC
Study results updated
Versions 2 to 3
9 Oct 2026, 03:07 UTC
The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC