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Trial · Observational

CompletedPhase not statedResults postedRegistry data

Comparison of Type 2 Diabetes Pharmacotherapy Regimens

Short name ON TARGET DM

NCTNCT05073692 (opens ClinicalTrials.gov in a new tab)Other id739857
Open at ClinicalTrials.govAsk about this trial

Overview

Status
Completed
Phase
Phase not stated
Enrollment
241,981 participants (actual)
Sponsor
Kaiser Permanente · Other
Design
Not stated
Countries
1 country

United States

Start
1 Jul 2021
Primary completion
31 Dec 2024
Completion
12 Mar 2025
First posted
11 Oct 2021
Last update posted
21 Nov 2025
Conditions
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus · Cardiovascular Diseases

Timeline

1 trial · 1 completed · 1 with posted results

  • Completed
  • Ongoing
  • Not yet recruiting
  • Stopped
  • Estimated dates (est.)
  • Results posted
202120222023202420252026
  1. Ph –

    ON TARGET DM

    NCT05073692

    1 Jul 2021 to 12 Mar 2025

Registry summary

Text and fields below are the sponsor's entries at ClinicalTrials.gov, shown as posted.

This study is designed to help patients with type 2 diabetes and their clinicians: (a) identify which glucose lowering medications have the most favorable effects on heart health and other patient-important outcomes, (b) inform the timing of medication initiation, and (c) identify whether medication benefits apply equally to all adults with type 2 diabetes, or may be different based on age, sex, race/ethnicity, baseline heart health status, baseline renal function, or other factors.

Interventions

  • SUDrug
  • DPP4Drug
  • SGLT2iDrug
  • GLP-1RADrug
  • SGLT2i or GLP-1RADrug
  • Linagliptin (DPP4)Drug
  • Exenatide (GLP-1RA)Drug
  • Liraglutide (GLP-1RA)Drug
  • Empagliflozin (SGLT2i)Drug
  • Glimepiride (SU)Drug
  • Glipizide (SU)Drug
  • Glimepiride (SU) or Glipizide (SU)Drug
  • SU or DPP4 (excluding saxagliptin and alogliptin)Drug
  • Exenatide (GLP-1RA) or Liraglutide (GLP-1RA)Drug

Arms0

The registry lists no arms for this trial.

Primary outcomes1

Outcomes the sponsor listed as primary.

  1. Incidence of 3-point Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE)

    Time frame · 2.5 years

    Registry description

    3-point MACE is defined as a single outcome measure, which is a composite measure of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular disease death.

Posted results

Values are shown as posted at ClinicalTrials.gov, with their units. PepBank has not converted, pooled or compared them.

Primary outcome results

Primary outcomeCount of participants· 2.5 years

Incidence of 3-point Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE)

GroupValue (Participants)
SU Initiators11,348
DPP4 Initiators393
SGLT2i Initiators424
GLP-1RA Initiators296

Adverse events, as posted

Adverse events as posted: participants affected out of participants at risk, by group
GroupDeathsSerious eventsOther events
SU InitiatorsInitiators of Sulfonylurea between 01/01/2014 and 12/31/2021; sample size N=212,042.4867 / 212,0420 / 00 / 0
DPP4 InitiatorsInitiators of DPP4 between 01/01/2014 and 12/31/2021; sample size N=5,862.235 / 58620 / 00 / 0
SGLT2i InitiatorsInitiators of SGLT2i between 01/01/2014 and 12/31/2021; sample size N=14,858.117 / 14,8580 / 00 / 0
GLP-1RA InitiatorsInitiators of GLP-1RA between 01/01/2014 and 12/31/2021; sample size N=9,219.109 / 92190 / 00 / 0

Each cell reads participants affected / participants at risk, as the registry posted them.

Registry data comes from ClinicalTrials.gov. Study results come from studies, not from the registry. How PepBank works

Studies0

Studies that cite this trial.

No study cites this trial.

Other registry references

References listed at the registry that are not in PepBank. They link to PubMed.

  • ResultRodriguez LA, Finertie H, Neugebauer RS, Gosiker B, Thomas TW, Karter AJ, Gilliam LK, Oshiro C, An J, Simonson G, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Dombrowski S, Nolan M, O'Connor PJ, Schmittdiel JA. Race and ethnicity and pharmacy dispensing of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024 May 7;34:100759. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100759. eCollection 2024 Jun. PMID 38745886
  • ResultThapa B, Schmittdiel JA, Arterburn D, Neugebauer R, Dyer W, O'Connor PJ, An J, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Gilliam LK, Hooker SA, Nolan MB, Oshiro CES, Thomas T, Simonson G, Dombrowski SK, Rodriguez LA. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics Associated With Diabetes Remission in Six Integrated Health Care Systems: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2025 Oct 1;48(10):1737-1743. doi: 10.2337/dc25-0530. PMID 40734551
  • ResultNeugebauer R, An J, Dombrowski SK, Oshiro C, Cassidy-Bushrow A, Gilliam L, Simonson G, Karter AJ, Bergenstal R, Finertie H, Yassin MM, Knowlton G, Lin SR, Dyer W, Pimentel N, Izadian K, Schmittdiel J, Thomas TW, Hooker SA, Nolan MB, Wright E, Aurora L, Rodriguez LA, Kaur J, Adams AS, van der Laan MJ, O'Connor PJ. Glucose-Lowering Medication Classes and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Oct 1;8(10):e2536100. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.36100. PMID 41091469

Eligibility

Who could join, as posted.

Sex
All
Age
from 18 Years up to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
Not accepted
Inclusion and exclusion criteria, as posted
* Dispensing of either of the set of drugs being compared * No prior dispensing of nor contraindication for any of the drugs compared * Evidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus diagnosis * Age 18 or older * Not currently pregnant * No evidence of dementia or short-term life expectancy from prior cancer diagnoses * History of ≥2 years of continuous health plan membership * ≥1 A1c test in the past 18 months

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