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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2026

6 results

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and GLP-1 receptor agonist timing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pisani D, Lorenza D, Fordellone M, Cerillo A, Fatigati M, Hanulíková P, Mariniello A, De Franciscis P, Pasquini L, La Verde M

Endocrine31 Jul 2026

Summary

PurposeGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, may improve metabolic health before conception. However, their association to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) after periconceptional or early pregnancy exposure remains unknown.MethodsWe performed a meta-analysis to investigating association between GLP-1 RAs preconception or first trimester of gestation exposure and HDP risk. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched from inception through December 15, 2025. All eligible studies were observational cohorts. Case reports, reviews, editorials, and studies that lacked HDP data were excluded. We pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects Mantel-Haenszel model. ROBINS-I tool was used to evaluate risk of bias.ResultsOf 75 records identified, 3 retrospective cohort studies met inclusion criteria with 10,880 pregnancies (4942 exposed to GLP-1 RAs and 5938 unexposed). All the studies were conducted in the United States between 2014-2025 and evaluated the semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide exposure. Two studies showed a lower HDP risks among exposed pregnant, whereas one study found a higher risk. In the pooled analysis, GLP-1 RA exposure showed a HDP risk with an OR 0.91 (OR 0.91, CI 0.57-1.47) with no statistical significance.ConclusionPericonceptional or first-trimester exposure to GLP-1 RAs are not significantly associated with HDP risk. This available evidence is limited and indicating the need for large prospective studies to establish a possible association between GLP-1 RAs are not significantly associated with HDP risk.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study6

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone6

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

  1. 01HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    Across observational cohorts of periconceptional or first-trimester GLP-1RA exposure including liraglutide, hypertensive-disorder-of-pregnancy risk was not significantly associated with exposure versus no exposure (OR 0.91, CI 0.57-1.47).

    In plain wordsAcross observational pregnancies with early GLP-1 exposure including liraglutide, pregnancy-hypertension risk did not differ significantly from no exposure.

    Outcome
    No significant changeHypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk
    Study

    n = 10,880

    Comparator
    Unexposed
    Outcome group
    Pregnancy and fetal development · Reproductive and sexual health

    Measurements

    Odds ratio
    0.91
    hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; pooled GLP-1RA exposure versus unexposed; 95% CI 0.57-1.47

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In the pooled analysis, GLP-1 RA exposure showed a HDP risk with an OR 0.91 (OR 0.91, CI 0.57-1.47) with no statistical significance.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We performed a meta-analysis to investigating association between GLP-1 RAs preconception or first trimester of gestation exposure and HDP risk.
    Summary · context
    Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched from inception through December 15, 2025.
    Summary · context
    All eligible studies were observational cohorts.
    Summary · context
    We pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects Mantel-Haenszel model.
    Summary · context
    Of 75 records identified, 3 retrospective cohort studies met inclusion criteria with 10,880 pregnancies (4942 exposed to GLP-1 RAs and 5938 unexposed).
    Summary · context
    All the studies were conducted in the United States between 2014-2025 and evaluated the semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide exposure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  2. 02HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    Across observational cohorts of periconceptional or first-trimester GLP-1RA exposure including semaglutide, hypertensive-disorder-of-pregnancy risk was not significantly associated with exposure versus no exposure (OR 0.91, CI 0.57-1.47).

    In plain wordsAcross observational pregnancies with early GLP-1 exposure including semaglutide, pregnancy-hypertension risk did not differ significantly from no exposure.

    Outcome
    No significant changeHypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk
    Study

    n = 10,880

    Comparator
    Unexposed
    Outcome group
    Pregnancy and fetal development · Reproductive and sexual health

    Measurements

    Odds ratio
    0.91
    hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; pooled GLP-1RA exposure versus unexposed; 95% CI 0.57-1.47

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In the pooled analysis, GLP-1 RA exposure showed a HDP risk with an OR 0.91 (OR 0.91, CI 0.57-1.47) with no statistical significance.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We performed a meta-analysis to investigating association between GLP-1 RAs preconception or first trimester of gestation exposure and HDP risk.
    Summary · context
    Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched from inception through December 15, 2025.
    Summary · context
    All eligible studies were observational cohorts.
    Summary · context
    We pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects Mantel-Haenszel model.
    Summary · context
    Of 75 records identified, 3 retrospective cohort studies met inclusion criteria with 10,880 pregnancies (4942 exposed to GLP-1 RAs and 5938 unexposed).
    Summary · context
    All the studies were conducted in the United States between 2014-2025 and evaluated the semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide exposure.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  3. 03HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    Across observational cohorts of periconceptional or first-trimester GLP-1RA exposure including tirzepatide, hypertensive-disorder-of-pregnancy risk was not significantly associated with exposure versus no exposure (OR 0.91, CI 0.57-1.47).

    In plain wordsAcross observational pregnancies with early GLP-1 exposure including tirzepatide, pregnancy-hypertension risk did not differ significantly from no exposure.

    Outcome
    No significant changeHypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk
    Study

    n = 10,880

    Comparator
    Unexposed
    Outcome group
    Pregnancy and fetal development · Reproductive and sexual health

    Measurements

    Odds ratio
    0.91
    hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; pooled GLP-1RA exposure versus unexposed; 95% CI 0.57-1.47

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In the pooled analysis, GLP-1 RA exposure showed a HDP risk with an OR 0.91 (OR 0.91, CI 0.57-1.47) with no statistical significance.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We performed a meta-analysis to investigating association between GLP-1 RAs preconception or first trimester of gestation exposure and HDP risk.
    Summary · context
    Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched from inception through December 15, 2025.
    Summary · context
    All eligible studies were observational cohorts.
    Summary · context
    We pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects Mantel-Haenszel model.
    Summary · context
    Of 75 records identified, 3 retrospective cohort studies met inclusion criteria with 10,880 pregnancies (4942 exposed to GLP-1 RAs and 5938 unexposed).
    Summary · context
    All the studies were conducted in the United States between 2014-2025 and evaluated the semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide exposure.

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  4. 04HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    Across the three observational cohorts of GLP-1RA exposure including liraglutide, two found lower hypertensive-disorder-of-pregnancy risk and one found higher risk.

    In plain wordsAcross three observational studies including liraglutide exposure, two found lower and one found higher pregnancy-hypertension risk.

    Outcome
    MixedHypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk across individual cohorts
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Unexposed
    Outcome group
    Pregnancy and fetal development · Reproductive and sexual health

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Two studies showed a lower HDP risks among exposed pregnant, whereas one study found a higher risk.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We performed a meta-analysis to investigating association between GLP-1 RAs preconception or first trimester of gestation exposure and HDP risk.
    Summary · context
    Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched from inception through December 15, 2025.
    Summary · context
    All eligible studies were observational cohorts.
    Summary · context
    We pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects Mantel-Haenszel model.
    Summary · context
    Of 75 records identified, 3 retrospective cohort studies met inclusion criteria with 10,880 pregnancies (4942 exposed to GLP-1 RAs and 5938 unexposed).
    Summary · context
    All the studies were conducted in the United States between 2014-2025 and evaluated the semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide exposure.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  5. 05HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    Across the three observational cohorts of GLP-1RA exposure including semaglutide, two found lower hypertensive-disorder-of-pregnancy risk and one found higher risk.

    In plain wordsAcross three observational studies including semaglutide exposure, two found lower and one found higher pregnancy-hypertension risk.

    Outcome
    MixedHypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk across individual cohorts
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Unexposed
    Outcome group
    Pregnancy and fetal development · Reproductive and sexual health

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Two studies showed a lower HDP risks among exposed pregnant, whereas one study found a higher risk.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We performed a meta-analysis to investigating association between GLP-1 RAs preconception or first trimester of gestation exposure and HDP risk.
    Summary · context
    Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched from inception through December 15, 2025.
    Summary · context
    All eligible studies were observational cohorts.
    Summary · context
    We pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects Mantel-Haenszel model.
    Summary · context
    Of 75 records identified, 3 retrospective cohort studies met inclusion criteria with 10,880 pregnancies (4942 exposed to GLP-1 RAs and 5938 unexposed).
    Summary · context
    All the studies were conducted in the United States between 2014-2025 and evaluated the semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide exposure.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  6. 06HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    Across the three observational cohorts of GLP-1RA exposure including tirzepatide, two found lower hypertensive-disorder-of-pregnancy risk and one found higher risk.

    In plain wordsAcross three observational studies including tirzepatide exposure, two found lower and one found higher pregnancy-hypertension risk.

    Outcome
    MixedHypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk across individual cohorts
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Unexposed
    Outcome group
    Pregnancy and fetal development · Reproductive and sexual health

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Two studies showed a lower HDP risks among exposed pregnant, whereas one study found a higher risk.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We performed a meta-analysis to investigating association between GLP-1 RAs preconception or first trimester of gestation exposure and HDP risk.
    Summary · context
    Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched from inception through December 15, 2025.
    Summary · context
    All eligible studies were observational cohorts.
    Summary · context
    We pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects Mantel-Haenszel model.
    Summary · context
    Of 75 records identified, 3 retrospective cohort studies met inclusion criteria with 10,880 pregnancies (4942 exposed to GLP-1 RAs and 5938 unexposed).
    Summary · context
    All the studies were conducted in the United States between 2014-2025 and evaluated the semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide exposure.

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 4Current

    12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Versions 2 to 3

    9 Oct 2026, 03:07 UTC

    The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:04 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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