Skip to content

Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2025

9 results

Obesity Treatment With Bariatric Surgery vs GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.

Barrett TS, Hafermann JO, Richards S, LeJeune K, Eid GM

JAMA surgery1 Nov 2025Cited by 61 (Europe PMC)

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC-ND. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study9

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone9

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

  1. 01HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In class II/III obesity cohorts, pooled GLP-1 drugs including liraglutide were associated with higher 2-year total costs than bariatric surgery ($63 483 [SE $1563] versus $51 794 [SE $1724]; P<.001).

    In plain wordsIn class II or III obesity cohorts, pooled drugs including liraglutide were linked to higher 2-year costs than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    IncreaseTotal costs over 2 years
    Study

    n = 30,458

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Healthcare costs and utilization · Whole body

    Measurements

    Cost standard error
    1563 $
    GLP-1 pooled group
    Cost standard error
    1724 $
    bariatric surgery

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The mean (SE) total costs over 2 years were $63 483 ($1563) for GLP-1 RAs and $51 794 ($1724) for MBS (P < .001).
    5 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US.
    Summary · context
    Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 months prior to index treatment and had follow-up data available for at least 12 months.
    Summary · context
    Using propensity score weighting, the populations were adjusted for differences in baseline spending, health care utilization, age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking status.
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).
    Summary · context
    Analyses included 30 458 patients (mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years; 20 118 [66.1%] female), with 14 101 undergoing MBS (mean [SD] follow-up, 34 [16] months) and 16 357 receiving GLP-1 RAs (mean [SD] follow-up, 32 [17] months).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  2. 02HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In class II/III obesity cohorts, pooled GLP-1 drugs including semaglutide were associated with higher 2-year total costs than bariatric surgery ($63 483 [SE $1563] versus $51 794 [SE $1724]; P<.001).

    In plain wordsIn class II or III obesity cohorts, pooled drugs including semaglutide were linked to higher 2-year costs than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    IncreaseTotal costs over 2 years
    Study

    n = 30,458

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Healthcare costs and utilization · Whole body

    Measurements

    Cost standard error
    1563 $
    GLP-1 pooled group
    Cost standard error
    1724 $
    bariatric surgery

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The mean (SE) total costs over 2 years were $63 483 ($1563) for GLP-1 RAs and $51 794 ($1724) for MBS (P < .001).
    5 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US.
    Summary · context
    Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 months prior to index treatment and had follow-up data available for at least 12 months.
    Summary · context
    Using propensity score weighting, the populations were adjusted for differences in baseline spending, health care utilization, age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking status.
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).
    Summary · context
    Analyses included 30 458 patients (mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years; 20 118 [66.1%] female), with 14 101 undergoing MBS (mean [SD] follow-up, 34 [16] months) and 16 357 receiving GLP-1 RAs (mean [SD] follow-up, 32 [17] months).

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  3. 03HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneObservational studyOther

    In class II/III obesity cohorts, pooled GLP-1 drugs including tirzepatide were associated with higher 2-year total costs than bariatric surgery ($63 483 [SE $1563] versus $51 794 [SE $1724]; P<.001).

    In plain wordsIn class II or III obesity cohorts, pooled drugs including tirzepatide were linked to higher 2-year costs than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    IncreaseTotal costs over 2 years
    Study

    n = 30,458

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Healthcare costs and utilization · Whole body

    Measurements

    Cost standard error
    1563 $
    GLP-1 pooled group
    Cost standard error
    1724 $
    bariatric surgery

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The mean (SE) total costs over 2 years were $63 483 ($1563) for GLP-1 RAs and $51 794 ($1724) for MBS (P < .001).
    5 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US.
    Summary · context
    Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 months prior to index treatment and had follow-up data available for at least 12 months.
    Summary · context
    Using propensity score weighting, the populations were adjusted for differences in baseline spending, health care utilization, age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking status.
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).
    Summary · context
    Analyses included 30 458 patients (mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years; 20 118 [66.1%] female), with 14 101 undergoing MBS (mean [SD] follow-up, 34 [16] months) and 16 357 receiving GLP-1 RAs (mean [SD] follow-up, 32 [17] months).

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  4. 04HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In class II/III obesity cohorts, pooled GLP-1 drugs including liraglutide were associated with higher sustained pharmacy costs than bariatric surgery throughout year 2 of follow-up.

    In plain wordsIn class II or III obesity cohorts, pooled drugs including liraglutide were linked to higher year 2 pharmacy costs than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    IncreaseSustained pharmacy costs
    Study

    n = 30,458

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Healthcare costs and utilization · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The main driver of this difference was higher sustained pharmacy costs in the GLP-1 RA group throughout year 2 of follow-up.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    The mean (SE) total costs over 2 years were $63 483 ($1563) for GLP-1 RAs and $51 794 ($1724) for MBS (P < .001).
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US.
    Summary · context
    Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 months prior to index treatment and had follow-up data available for at least 12 months.
    Summary · context
    Using propensity score weighting, the populations were adjusted for differences in baseline spending, health care utilization, age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking status.
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).
    Summary · context
    Analyses included 30 458 patients (mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years; 20 118 [66.1%] female), with 14 101 undergoing MBS (mean [SD] follow-up, 34 [16] months) and 16 357 receiving GLP-1 RAs (mean [SD] follow-up, 32 [17] months).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  5. 05HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther

    In class II/III obesity cohorts, pooled GLP-1 drugs including semaglutide were associated with higher sustained pharmacy costs than bariatric surgery throughout year 2 of follow-up.

    In plain wordsIn class II or III obesity cohorts, pooled drugs including semaglutide were linked to higher year 2 pharmacy costs than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    IncreaseSustained pharmacy costs
    Study

    n = 30,458

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Healthcare costs and utilization · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The main driver of this difference was higher sustained pharmacy costs in the GLP-1 RA group throughout year 2 of follow-up.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    The mean (SE) total costs over 2 years were $63 483 ($1563) for GLP-1 RAs and $51 794 ($1724) for MBS (P < .001).
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US.
    Summary · context
    Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 months prior to index treatment and had follow-up data available for at least 12 months.
    Summary · context
    Using propensity score weighting, the populations were adjusted for differences in baseline spending, health care utilization, age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking status.
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).
    Summary · context
    Analyses included 30 458 patients (mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years; 20 118 [66.1%] female), with 14 101 undergoing MBS (mean [SD] follow-up, 34 [16] months) and 16 357 receiving GLP-1 RAs (mean [SD] follow-up, 32 [17] months).

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  6. 06HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneObservational studyOther

    In class II/III obesity cohorts, pooled GLP-1 drugs including tirzepatide were associated with higher sustained pharmacy costs than bariatric surgery throughout year 2 of follow-up.

    In plain wordsIn class II or III obesity cohorts, pooled drugs including tirzepatide were linked to higher year 2 pharmacy costs than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    IncreaseSustained pharmacy costs
    Study

    n = 30,458

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Healthcare costs and utilization · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The main driver of this difference was higher sustained pharmacy costs in the GLP-1 RA group throughout year 2 of follow-up.
    6 context sentences
    Summary · context
    The mean (SE) total costs over 2 years were $63 483 ($1563) for GLP-1 RAs and $51 794 ($1724) for MBS (P < .001).
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US.
    Summary · context
    Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 months prior to index treatment and had follow-up data available for at least 12 months.
    Summary · context
    Using propensity score weighting, the populations were adjusted for differences in baseline spending, health care utilization, age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking status.
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).
    Summary · context
    Analyses included 30 458 patients (mean [SD] age, 50 [11] years; 20 118 [66.1%] female), with 14 101 undergoing MBS (mean [SD] follow-up, 34 [16] months) and 16 357 receiving GLP-1 RAs (mean [SD] follow-up, 32 [17] months).

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  7. 07HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther

    In patients with obesity, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists including dulaglutide were linked to higher total costs than bariatric surgery.

    In plain wordsIn patients with obesity, pooled drugs including dulaglutide were linked to higher total costs than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    IncreaseTotal costs over two years
    Study

    n = 30,458

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Healthcare costs and utilization · Whole body

    Measurements

    Total costs
    63,483 $
    GLP-1 RAs over 2 years
    Total costs
    51,794 $
    MBS over 2 years
    Standard error
    1563 $
    GLP-1 RAs total costs over 2 years
    Standard error
    1724 $
    MBS total costs over 2 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The mean (SE) total costs over 2 years were $63 483 ($1563) for GLP-1 RAs and $51 794 ($1724) for MBS (P < .001).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US. Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 mon…
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  8. 08HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther

    In patients with obesity, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists including dulaglutide were linked to higher sustained pharmacy costs than bariatric surgery.

    In plain wordsIn patients with obesity, pooled drugs including dulaglutide were linked to higher pharmacy costs than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    IncreaseSustained pharmacy costs
    Study

    n = 30,458

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Healthcare costs and utilization · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The main driver of this difference was higher sustained pharmacy costs in the GLP-1 RA group throughout year 2 of follow-up.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US. Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 mon…
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  9. 09HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In patients with obesity, pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists including dulaglutide were linked to less weight loss than bariatric surgery.

    In plain wordsIn patients with obesity, pooled drugs including dulaglutide were linked to less weight loss than bariatric surgery.

    Outcome
    DecreaseTotal weight loss
    Study

    n = 1,548

    Comparator
    Metabolic bariatric surgery
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight

    Measurements

    Total weight loss
    10.3%
    GLP-1 RAs
    Total weight loss
    28.3%
    MBS
    Standard error
    0.5%
    GLP-1 RAs total weight loss
    Standard error
    0.3%
    MBS total weight loss

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Comparing weight loss data of 257 patients using GLP-1 RAs and 1291 patients who underwent MBS, total weight loss was greater for the MBS group (mean [SE], 28.3% [0.3%]) than the GLP-1 RA group (mean [SE], 10.3% [0.5%]) (P < .001).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This cohort study used data from the Highmark Health insurance claims database and the Allegheny Health Network electronic medical record in the US. Participants were patients with class II or III obesity treated with either MBS or GLP-1 RAs who were enrolled in Highmark insurance for at least 6 mon…
    Summary · context
    MBS (sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass) vs GLP-1 RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide).

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Versions 9 to 12Current

    28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC

    The same notice was added 4 times, first on 27 Oct 2026, 18:20 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study results updated

  2. Version 8

    27 Oct 2026, 16:36 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Versions 6 to 7

    22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC

    The same notice was added 2 times, first on 22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study results updated

  4. Version 5

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  5. Version 4

    12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC

    Study results updated

  6. Versions 2 to 3

    9 Oct 2026, 03:07 UTC

    The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  7. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.