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Study · Systematic review · 2025

29 results

Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of T2DM: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Ren X, Hua H, Wu Y, Zhang W, Long X, Bai Y, Cheng N

Scientific reports6 Jul 2025Cited by 12 (Europe PMC)

PMID40619508 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC12230154 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1038/s41598-025-09807-0 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-40619508
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC-ND. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study29

11 results from studies that gave the peptide. 11 results from people.

  1. 01HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In type 2 diabetes trials, tirzepatide had the greatest HbA1c reduction versus placebo (MD: -2.3%; P<0.05).

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, tirzepatide lowered HbA1c more than placebo (MD -2.3%).

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    DecreaseHbA1c
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −2.3%
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    reported native glycemic comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  2. 02HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In type 2 diabetes trials, tirzepatide had the greatest fasting plasma glucose reduction versus placebo (MD: -3.1 mmol/L; P<0.05).

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, tirzepatide lowered fasting plasma glucose more than placebo (MD -3.1 mmol/L).

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    DecreaseFasting plasma glucose
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −3.1 mmol/L
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    reported native glycemic comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  3. 03HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In type 2 diabetes trials, semaglutide had the second greatest HbA1c reduction versus placebo (MD: -1.5%; P<0.05).

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, semaglutide lowered HbA1c more than placebo (MD -1.5%).

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseHbA1c
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −1.5%
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    reported native glycemic comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  4. 04HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In type 2 diabetes trials, semaglutide had the second greatest fasting plasma glucose reduction versus placebo (MD: -2 mmol/L; P<0.05).

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, semaglutide lowered fasting plasma glucose more than placebo (MD -2 mmol/L).

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseFasting plasma glucose
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −2 mmol/L
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    reported native glycemic comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  5. 05HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In type 2 diabetes trials, liraglutide had the third greatest HbA1c reduction versus placebo (MD: -1.2%; P<0.05).

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, liraglutide lowered HbA1c more than placebo (MD -1.2%).

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseHbA1c
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −1.2%
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    reported native glycemic comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  6. 06HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In type 2 diabetes trials, liraglutide had the third greatest fasting plasma glucose reduction versus placebo (MD: -1.6 mmol/L; P<0.05).

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, liraglutide lowered fasting plasma glucose more than placebo (MD -1.6 mmol/L).

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseFasting plasma glucose
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −1.6 mmol/L
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    reported native glycemic comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  7. 07HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, tirzepatide significantly reduced body weight versus placebo (MD -9.1 kg, P<0.05); the native analyzed N was unstated.

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, tirzepatide lowered body weight more than placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    DecreaseBody weight
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −9.1 kg
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    body-weight comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tirzepatide (MD: -9.1 kg), semaglutide (MD: -2.8 kg) and liraglutide (MD: -1.2 kg) (P<0.05) had significant reduction in body weight compared to placebo.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  8. 08HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, semaglutide significantly reduced body weight versus placebo (MD -2.8 kg, P<0.05); the native analyzed N was unstated.

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, semaglutide lowered body weight more than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseBody weight
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −2.8 kg
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    body-weight comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tirzepatide (MD: -9.1 kg), semaglutide (MD: -2.8 kg) and liraglutide (MD: -1.2 kg) (P<0.05) had significant reduction in body weight compared to placebo.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  9. 09HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, liraglutide significantly reduced body weight versus placebo (MD -1.2 kg, P<0.05); the native analyzed N was unstated.

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, liraglutide lowered body weight more than placebo.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseBody weight
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −1.2 kg
    native drug versus placebo
    P-value
    < 0.05
    body-weight comparison

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Tirzepatide (MD: -9.1 kg), semaglutide (MD: -2.8 kg) and liraglutide (MD: -1.2 kg) (P<0.05) had significant reduction in body weight compared to placebo.
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
  10. 10HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome

    In type 2 diabetes trials, semaglutide increased hypoglycemia risk compared with placebo.

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, semaglutide increased hypoglycemia risk compared with placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseHypoglycemia risk
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Semaglutide increased the risk of hypoglycemia compared to placebo while liraglutide reduced the risk of hypoglycemia compared to traditional antidiabetic drugs.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM. Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes. 64 trials comprising of 25,572 participants were identified.
  11. 11HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome

    In type 2 diabetes trials, liraglutide reduced hypoglycemia risk compared with traditional antidiabetic drugs.

    In plain wordsIn type 2 diabetes trials, liraglutide reduced hypoglycemia risk compared with traditional antidiabetic drugs.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseHypoglycemia risk
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Traditional antidiabetic drugs
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Semaglutide increased the risk of hypoglycemia compared to placebo while liraglutide reduced the risk of hypoglycemia compared to traditional antidiabetic drugs.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM. Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes. 64 trials comprising of 25,572 participants were identified.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone18

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

  1. 12HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including tirzepatide showed no statistically significant body mass index difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including tirzepatide, body mass index showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    No significant changeBody mass index
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  2. 13HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including tirzepatide showed no statistically significant systolic blood pressure difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including tirzepatide, systolic blood pressure showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    No significant changeSystolic blood pressure
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Blood pressure · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  3. 14HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including tirzepatide showed no statistically significant diastolic blood pressure difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including tirzepatide, diastolic blood pressure showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    No significant changeDiastolic blood pressure
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Blood pressure · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  4. 15HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including tirzepatide showed no statistically significant total cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including tirzepatide, total cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    No significant changeTotal cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  5. 16HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including tirzepatide showed no statistically significant hdl cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including tirzepatide, hdl cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    No significant changeHDL cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  6. 17HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including tirzepatide showed no statistically significant ldl cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including tirzepatide, ldl cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    No significant changeLDL cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  7. 18HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including semaglutide showed no statistically significant body mass index difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including semaglutide, body mass index showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeBody mass index
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  8. 19HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including semaglutide showed no statistically significant systolic blood pressure difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including semaglutide, systolic blood pressure showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeSystolic blood pressure
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Blood pressure · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  9. 20HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including semaglutide showed no statistically significant diastolic blood pressure difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including semaglutide, diastolic blood pressure showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeDiastolic blood pressure
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Blood pressure · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  10. 21HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including semaglutide showed no statistically significant total cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including semaglutide, total cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeTotal cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  11. 22HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including semaglutide showed no statistically significant hdl cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including semaglutide, hdl cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeHDL cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  12. 23HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including semaglutide showed no statistically significant ldl cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including semaglutide, ldl cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeLDL cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  13. 24HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including liraglutide showed no statistically significant body mass index difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including liraglutide, body mass index showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeBody mass index
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  14. 25HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including liraglutide showed no statistically significant systolic blood pressure difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including liraglutide, systolic blood pressure showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeSystolic blood pressure
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Blood pressure · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  15. 26HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including liraglutide showed no statistically significant diastolic blood pressure difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including liraglutide, diastolic blood pressure showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeDiastolic blood pressure
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Blood pressure · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  16. 27HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including liraglutide showed no statistically significant total cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including liraglutide, total cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeTotal cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  17. 28HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including liraglutide showed no statistically significant hdl cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including liraglutide, hdl cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeHDL cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  18. 29HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In reviewed T2DM trials, all treatments including liraglutide showed no statistically significant ldl cholesterol difference versus placebo; no native-drug-specific estimate was reported.

    In plain wordsIn T2D trial pools including liraglutide, ldl cholesterol showed no significant difference versus placebo.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeLDL cholesterol
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Lipids · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
    Summary · context
    Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM.
    Summary · context
    Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes.
    Summary · context
    Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 4Current

    12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Versions 2 to 3

    9 Oct 2026, 03:07 UTC

    The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:04 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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