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Study · Systematic review · 2025

1 result

Comparative efficacy and tolerability of currently approved incretin mimetics: A systematic analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Kang YM, Punov V, Lim S, Nauck MA

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism11 Apr 2025Cited by 15 (Europe PMC)

PMID40212008 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC12146062 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1111/dom.16398 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-40212008
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Summary

AimsThis study compares the therapeutic efficacy, gastrointestinal (GI) adverse event (AE) rates and the relationship between the therapeutic efficacy and GI AEs in randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of GLP-1 RAs and the dual GLP-1/GIP agonist tirzepatide.Materials and methodsA systematic PubMed search identified 38 phase 3 or 4 placebo-controlled RCTs of exenatide (b.i.d. and q.w.), lixisenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, semaglutide (s.c. and oral) and tirzepatide with a total of 16 660 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) across 104 study arms. Changes in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and body weight and the proportion of GI AEs (nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea) were calculated by agent, preparation and dose. The correlation between odds ratios (ORs) for GI AEs and the magnitude of therapeutic efficacy was assessed in a linear regression analysis.ResultsBaseline characteristics were similar across studies: mean age 57 ± 10 years, diabetes duration 8 ± 6 years, body mass index (BMI) 31.9 ± 5.8 kg/m2 and HbA1c 8.2% ± 0.9%. HbA1c reductions ranged from -0.63% ± 0.03% (lixisenatide, 20 μg q.d.) to -1.79% ± 0.09% (tirzepatide, 15 mg q.w.; p < 0.0001). Weight reductions ranged from -0.75 ± 0.10 kg to -9.65 ± 0.56 kg. Despite the high variability in therapeutic efficacy, ORs for GI AEs were similar across compounds/preparations.ConclusionsThe magnitude of efficacy for intended therapeutic actions (HbA1c and body weight reduction) varied widely between incretin mimetic glucose-lowering agents. However, larger therapeutic efficacy was not systematically associated with higher GI AE or drug discontinuation rates, indicating better tolerability of the more effective agents/preparations.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study1

1 result from studies that gave the peptide. 1 result from people.

  1. 01HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In placebo-controlled trials in type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide 15 mg once weekly gave the largest HbA1c reduction of all agents compared, at -1.79%.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide 15 mg weekly gave the largest HbA1c fall of all agents compared, 1.79%.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    DecreaseHbA1c reduction (largest in range)
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    15 mg q.w.As given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    HbA1c change
    −1.79%
    tirzepatide 15 mg q.w.

    Source sentences

    Summary
    HbA1c reductions ranged from -0.63% ± 0.03% (lixisenatide, 20 μg q.d.) to -1.79% ± 0.09% (tirzepatide, 15 mg q.w.; p < 0.0001).
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A systematic PubMed search identified 38 phase 3 or 4 placebo-controlled RCTs of exenatide (b.i.d. and q.w.), lixisenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, semaglutide (s.c. and oral) and tirzepatide with a total of 16 660 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) across 104 study arms.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 5Current

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  2. Version 4

    9 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    Study results updated

  3. Versions 2 to 3

    9 Oct 2026, 03:07 UTC

    The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  4. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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