The molecule

Erythropoietin (human) identity

Identifiers, parent molecule, targets and development stage, from curated data.

Erythropoietin is a glycosylated hormone of 165 to 166 residues produced mainly by the kidney. It binds the erythropoietin receptor, which dimerises and activates JAK2 and the STAT pathway, and so controls the proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors. A separate receptor heterocomplex of the erythropoietin receptor with CD131 mediates tissue protection, which is the basis for non-erythropoietic analogues such as cibinetide, and recombinant epoetins are approved in the United States and the European Union for anaemia. This record is a reference parent for cibinetide (ARA-290).

Kind: Natural peptide · 166 residues
Identifiers: UniProtP01588 (opens in a new tab)UNIICM7EU2L6MS (opens in a new tab)64FS3BFH5W (opens in a new tab)DrugBankDB00016 (opens in a new tab)CAS11096-26-7PDB1BUY (opens in a new tab)1CN4 (opens in a new tab)1EER (opens in a new tab)KEGGC18200 (opens in a new tab)IUPHAR4921 (opens in a new tab)
Development: Approved in the US and EU (Epogen / Procrit, 1989)Amgen (first recombinant product, Epogen); several later epoetin and biosimilar sponsorsThe 961 ClinicalTrials.gov records that name erythropoietin or epoetin as an intervention (query.intr=EXPANSION[Term]erythropoietin OR EXPANSION[Term]epoetin) cover many products and indications, so the number is not a development-stage measure for a single substance. Source (opens in a new tab)

Targets

Molecular targets with action and evidence source
Target	Action	Evidence
Erythropoietin receptorEPORP19235 (opens in a new tab)	Agonist	primary literatureSource (opens in a new tab)
Innate repair receptor (erythropoietin receptor and CD131 heterocomplex)CSF2RBP32927 (opens in a new tab)	Agonist	primary literatureSource (opens in a new tab)

Sequence and structure

Residues, differences from the parent, calculated properties and 3D structure. Source values and calculated values are shown separately.

Sequence

166 amino acids · 6 modifications · 2 disulfide bonds

H-

APPRLICDSR

VLERYLLEAK

EAEITTGCA

EHCSLNEIT

VPDTKVNFYA

WKRMEVGQQA

VEVWQGLALL

SEAVLRGQAL

LVSSQPWEP

LQLHVDKAVS

GLRSLTTLLR

ALGAQKEAIS

PPDAAAAPL

RTITADTFRK

LFRVYSNFLR

GKLKLYTGEA

CRTGDR

-OH

Properties

From identity sources

Formula: C₈₁₅H₁₃₁₃N₂₃₃O₂₄₁S₅
Molecular weight: 18,392.2 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass: 18,380.6253 Da

UniProt P01588(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-09
GSRS UNII CM7EU2L6MS(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-09
GSRS UNII 64FS3BFH5W(opens in a new tab)retrieved 2026-10-09

Calculated from the sequence

pKa set

Some values cannot be calculated. A modification changes this value and is not modeled here (for example a lipid, metal or linker).

Average mass: Not calculated
Monoisotopic mass: Not calculated
Isoelectric point (pI): Not calculated
Net charge at pH 7.4: Not calculated
GRAVY (hydropathy): −0.188; Mean Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy · Kyte and Doolittle 1982; Negative: hydrophilic on average.
Extinction coefficient, 280 nm (Cys reduced): 22,460 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹; 5500 x Trp + 1490 x Tyr · Pace et al. 1995 (ExPASy ProtParam)
Extinction coefficient, 280 nm (all Cys as cystines): 22,710 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹; 5500 x Trp + 1490 x Tyr + 125 x cystine · Pace et al. 1995 (ExPASy ProtParam)
Instability index: 36.76; Dipeptide instability weights (DIWV) · Guruprasad et al. 1990; 40 or below: classed as stable (ExPASy).
Aliphatic index: 96.4; Mole % A + 2.9 V + 3.9 (I + L) · Ikai 1980
Boman index: 1.64 kcal/mol; Mean solubility value (negated) · Boman 2003; 2.48 or below: lower protein-binding potential (Boman).
Hydrophobic moment (μH): 0.859; Eisenberg scale, 100° per residue, best 11-residue window · Eisenberg et al. 1982, 1984

Not included: other modification. Mass, charge and pI are not calculated; use the identity-source values.
Defined and validated for proteins; use with care for short peptides.
Assumes an ideal alpha helix. Many short peptides are not helical.

@pepdb/chem 0.2.0 · EMBOSS pKa set · ExPASy residue masses

Net charge by pH

No charge curve

A modification changes this value and is not modeled here (for example a lipid, metal or linker).

Composition

Hydrophobic36% (59)A I L M V
Aromatic7% (11)F W Y
Positive14% (23)H K R
Negative11% (18)D E
Polar20% (34)N Q S T
Special13% (21)C G P

166 residues. Each residue counts in one class; F and W count as aromatic.

A Ala19 · 11%

I Ile5 · 3%

L Leu23 · 14%

M Met1 · 1%

V Val11 · 7%

F Phe4 · 2%

W Trp3 · 2%

Y Tyr4 · 2%

H His2 · 1%

K Lys8 · 5%

R Arg13 · 8%

D Asp6 · 4%

E Glu12 · 7%

N Asn6 · 4%

Q Gln7 · 4%

S Ser10 · 6%

T Thr11 · 7%

C Cys4 · 2%

G Gly9 · 5%

P Pro8 · 5%

3D structure

ExperimentalPDB 1BUY

Loads the 3D viewer (3Dmol.js, about 150 KB) and the model file from RCSB PDB.

Helical wheel

An ideal alpha-helix projection. It shows where the hydrophobic residues fall if the peptide folds as a helix. It does not show that it does.

μH, residues shown: 0.104
μH, best 11-residue window: 0.859
Arrow direction: 348°
Residues: 1–54 of 166 · 3 rings of 18

HydrophilicHydrophobic

Eisenberg consensus (normalized) scale · + K, R · − D, E

Assumes an ideal α-helix: 100° per residue, 3.6 residues per turn. The arrow is the mean hydrophobic moment (Eisenberg et al. 1984) and points at the hydrophobic face.

Show as table

Position	Residue	Angle	Eisenberg consensus (normalized)
1	A	0°	0.62
2	P	100°	0.12
3	P	200°	0.12
4	R	300°	-2.53
5	L	40°	1.06
6	I	140°	1.38
7	C	240°	0.29
8	D	340°	-0.90
9	S	80°	-0.18
10	R	180°	-2.53
11	V	280°	1.08
12	L	20°	1.06
13	E	120°	-0.74
14	R	220°	-2.53
15	Y	320°	0.26
16	L	60°	1.06
17	L	160°	1.06
18	E	260°	-0.74
19	A	0°	0.62
20	K	100°	-1.50
21	E	200°	-0.74
22	A	300°	0.62
23	E	40°	-0.74
24	N	140°	-0.78
25	I	240°	1.38
26	T	340°	-0.05
27	T	80°	-0.05
28	G	180°	0.48
29	C	280°	0.29
30	A	20°	0.62
31	E	120°	-0.74
32	H	220°	-0.40
33	C	320°	0.29
34	S	60°	-0.18
35	L	160°	1.06
36	N	260°	-0.78
37	E	0°	-0.74
38	N	100°	-0.78
39	I	200°	1.38
40	T	300°	-0.05
41	V	40°	1.08
42	P	140°	0.12
43	D	240°	-0.90
44	T	340°	-0.05
45	K	80°	-1.50
46	V	180°	1.08
47	N	280°	-0.78
48	F	20°	1.19
49	Y	120°	0.26
50	A	220°	0.62
51	W	320°	0.81
52	K	60°	-1.50
53	R	160°	-2.53
54	M	260°	0.64

Results by area

Erythropoietin (human) results by year and outcome

Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

Studies by year

No study has results about Erythropoietin (human) yet.

No study with a publication year is linked to this peptide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

What the studies measured

People first in each area, then animals, then lab cells. Counts are exact and come from studies that gave the peptide.

No study of Erythropoietin (human) has results in PepBank yet.

Trials and papers

Erythropoietin (human) trials

Registered trials that test the peptide, with phase, status and dates. A dot marks trials with posted results.

StatusPhase

0 trials match. Highest phase first. Data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

No trial matches these filters.

Papers

Studies on this peptide. Some have results. The others have none yet.

Sort

Design

0 studies match. Retracted studies are left out.

No study matches these filters.

Newer studies

PepBank reads each paper before it shows the results. This search looks in Europe PMC for newer papers that PepBank has not read yet.

Erythropoietin (human) studies: 0 papers with results

No paper with results is linked to this peptide.

Status and safety

Regulatory and safety

Approval and sport status, and the safety outcomes reported in study results. Laws and labels change, so check the regulator for the current status.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction, with date and source
Jurisdiction	Body	Status	As of	Source
US	FDA	EPOGEN / PROCRIT (epoetin alfa) · 1 Jun 1989 RETACRIT (epoetin alfa-epbx) · 15 May 2018	9 Oct 2026	api.fda.gov (opens in a new tab)
EU	EMA	NeoRecormon (epoetin beta) · 16 Jul 1997 Retacrit (epoetin zeta) · 18 Dec 2007 Binocrit (epoetin alfa) · 28 Aug 2007	9 Oct 2026	ema.europa.eu (opens in a new tab)
Sport	WADA	Banned in sport (WADA S2.1.1) S2.1.1 prohibits erythropoietin receptor agonists, naming erythropoietins (EPO), darbepoetins, EPO-based constructs and EPO-mimetic agents.	2026 List	wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab)
World (WADA 2027 list)	Note	The 2027 Prohibited List, effective 2027-01-01, keeps erythropoietins in S2.1.1 and innate repair receptor agonists in S2.1.5.	9 Oct 2026	wada-ama.org (opens in a new tab)
WHO ATC	Note	ATC code B03XA01 (other antianaemic preparations), from the GSRS EPOETIN code list.	9 Oct 2026	gsrs.ncats.nih.gov (opens in a new tab)

Safety outcomes

Reported effects from study results.

No study results yet

No safety results yet. That does not mean the peptide is safe.

Doses studied

The doses that these studies used. They are not recommendations.

No dose was reported in the study results.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Data

Data and API

Data version, change history and code for this peptide.

Data version 30856030 Oct 2026

Peptide

Peptide id: PEP-000047
Peptide version: 8
Peptide hash: a1725d7db33cbb91…
Data version: 308560

Latest changes

27 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 256679
22 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 254514
21 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 213611
14 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 194686
13 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 173536
12 Oct 2026UpdatedData version 165111

For developers

curl -s https://pepbank.io/v1/briefs/erythropoietin

Evidence summary for Erythropoietin (human): counts by class, key results with sources, notices, data version.

Peptide as JSON Evidence summary as JSON

Erythropoietin (human) studies and research data

Erythropoietin (human) identity

Targets

Sequence and structure

Sequence

Properties

Net charge by pH

Composition

3D structure

Helical wheel

Erythropoietin (human) results by year and outcome

What the studies measured

Erythropoietin (human) trials

Papers

Newer studies

Erythropoietin (human) studies: 0 papers with results

Regulatory and safety

Doses studied

Data and API

Peptide

Latest changes

For developers

Related peptides

Erythropoietin (human) results by year and outcome

Erythropoietin (human) trials

Papers

Regulatory and safety

Doses studied

Data and API

Peptide

Latest changes

For developers