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Study · Observational study · 2026

24 results

Cohort Study: Risk of Gallstones and Biliary Complications With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes.

Eldesouki MH, Alkasabrah O, Kloub M, Abosheaishaa H, Elfert K, Sharma A, Andrawes S, Duong N

United European gastroenterology journal1 Jun 2026Cited by 1 (Europe PMC)

PMID42247589 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC13240991 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1002/ueg2.70238 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-42247589
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC-ND. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study24

3 results from studies that gave the peptide. 3 results from people.

  1. 01HumanObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, semaglutide was linked to higher cholelithiasis than controls.

    In plain wordsDatabase analysis linked semaglutide to higher gallstone rates than controls.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAgent-specific cholelithiasis
    Study

    Homo sapiensn: not reported in source

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Semaglutide and dulaglutide demonstrated higher cholelithiasis, whereas liraglutide and exenatide were not associated with a significant increase.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.
  2. 02HumanObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, dulaglutide was linked to higher cholelithiasis than controls.

    In plain wordsDatabase analysis linked dulaglutide to higher gallstone rates than controls.

    Peptide
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
    Outcome
    IncreaseAgent-specific cholelithiasis
    Study

    Homo sapiensn: not reported in source

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Semaglutide and dulaglutide demonstrated higher cholelithiasis, whereas liraglutide and exenatide were not associated with a significant increase.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.
  3. 03HumanObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, liraglutide was not linked to a significant cholelithiasis increase versus controls.

    In plain wordsDatabase analysis did not link liraglutide to a significant gallstone increase versus controls.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeAgent-specific cholelithiasis
    Study

    Homo sapiensn: not reported in source

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Semaglutide and dulaglutide demonstrated higher cholelithiasis, whereas liraglutide and exenatide were not associated with a significant increase.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone21

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

  1. 04HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In database analysis of T2DM, pooled GLP-1 agents including dulaglutide were linked to higher gallstone odds at two years.

    In plain wordsDatabase analysis linked pooled GLP-1 agents, including dulaglutide, to higher gallstone odds than controls.

    Peptide
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
    Outcome
    IncreaseGallstones at two years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.44 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.24 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.65 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At two years, patients with GLP-1 RA use had higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.65), whereas rates of cholecystectomy were non-significant.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  2. 05HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In database analysis of T2DM, pooled GLP-1 agents including liraglutide were linked to higher gallstone odds at two years.

    In plain wordsDatabase analysis linked pooled GLP-1 agents, including liraglutide, to higher gallstone odds than controls.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGallstones at two years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.44 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.24 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.65 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At two years, patients with GLP-1 RA use had higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.65), whereas rates of cholecystectomy were non-significant.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  3. 06HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In database analysis of T2DM, pooled GLP-1 agents including semaglutide were linked to higher gallstone odds at two years.

    In plain wordsDatabase analysis linked pooled GLP-1 agents, including semaglutide, to higher gallstone odds than controls.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGallstones at two years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.44 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.24 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.65 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 2 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At two years, patients with GLP-1 RA use had higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.65), whereas rates of cholecystectomy were non-significant.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  4. 07HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including dulaglutide showed no significant cholecystectomy difference from controls at two years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including dulaglutide, had no significant cholecystectomy difference from controls at two years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
    Outcome
    No significant changeCholecystectomy at two years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At two years, patients with GLP-1 RA use had higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.65), whereas rates of cholecystectomy were non-significant.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  5. 08HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including liraglutide showed no significant cholecystectomy difference from controls at two years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including liraglutide, had no significant cholecystectomy difference from controls at two years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeCholecystectomy at two years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At two years, patients with GLP-1 RA use had higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.65), whereas rates of cholecystectomy were non-significant.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  6. 09HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including semaglutide showed no significant cholecystectomy difference from controls at two years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including semaglutide, had no significant cholecystectomy difference from controls at two years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeCholecystectomy at two years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At two years, patients with GLP-1 RA use had higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.65), whereas rates of cholecystectomy were non-significant.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  7. 10HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including dulaglutide had higher gallstone odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including dulaglutide, had higher gallstone odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
    Outcome
    IncreaseGallstones at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.43 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.24 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.63 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  8. 11HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including liraglutide had higher gallstone odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including liraglutide, had higher gallstone odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGallstones at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.43 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.24 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.63 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  9. 12HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including semaglutide had higher gallstone odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including semaglutide, had higher gallstone odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGallstones at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.43 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.24 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.63 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  10. 13HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including dulaglutide had higher cholecystitis odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including dulaglutide, had higher cholecystitis odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
    Outcome
    IncreaseCholecystitis at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.45 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.14 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.83 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  11. 14HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including liraglutide had higher cholecystitis odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including liraglutide, had higher cholecystitis odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseCholecystitis at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.45 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.14 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.83 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  12. 15HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including semaglutide had higher cholecystitis odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including semaglutide, had higher cholecystitis odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseCholecystitis at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.45 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.14 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    1.83 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystitis at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  13. 16HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including dulaglutide had higher cholecystectomy odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including dulaglutide, had higher cholecystectomy odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
    Outcome
    IncreaseCholecystectomy at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.54 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.17 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    2.02 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  14. 17HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including liraglutide had higher cholecystectomy odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including liraglutide, had higher cholecystectomy odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseCholecystectomy at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.54 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.17 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    2.02 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  15. 18HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including semaglutide had higher cholecystectomy odds than controls at three years.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including semaglutide, had higher cholecystectomy odds than controls at three years in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseCholecystectomy at three years
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Measurements

    aOR
    1.54 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI lower bound
    1.17 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years
    aOR 95% CI upper bound
    2.02 ratio
    pooled GLP-1 RA vs matched controls, T2DM, cholecystectomy at 3 years

    Source sentences

    Summary
    By three years, GLP-1 RA use remained associated with higher rates of cholelithiasis/choledocholithiasis (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.63), cholecystitis (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.83), and cholecystectomy (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.02).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  16. 19HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including dulaglutide had no significant pancreatitis difference from controls.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including dulaglutide, had no significant pancreatitis difference from controls in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
    Outcome
    No significant changePancreatitis
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    There were no significant differences in the rates of pancreatitis or ERCP.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  17. 20HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including liraglutide had no significant pancreatitis difference from controls.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including liraglutide, had no significant pancreatitis difference from controls in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changePancreatitis
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    There were no significant differences in the rates of pancreatitis or ERCP.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  18. 21HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including semaglutide had no significant pancreatitis difference from controls.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including semaglutide, had no significant pancreatitis difference from controls in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changePancreatitis
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    There were no significant differences in the rates of pancreatitis or ERCP.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

  19. 22HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including dulaglutide had no significant ERCP difference from controls.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including dulaglutide, had no significant ERCP difference from controls in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
    Outcome
    No significant changeERCP
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    There were no significant differences in the rates of pancreatitis or ERCP.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

  20. 23HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including liraglutide had no significant ERCP difference from controls.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including liraglutide, had no significant ERCP difference from controls in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeERCP
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    There were no significant differences in the rates of pancreatitis or ERCP.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  21. 24HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studySafety outcome

    In T2DM database analysis, pooled GLP-1 agents including semaglutide had no significant ERCP difference from controls.

    In plain wordsPooled GLP-1 agents, including semaglutide, had no significant ERCP difference from controls in database analysis.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeERCP
    Study

    Homo sapiensn = 78,280

    Adults with type 2 diabetes in the TriNetX retrospective matched cohort
    Comparator
    matched controls
    Outcome group
    Adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    There were no significant differences in the rates of pancreatitis or ERCP.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the TriNetX research network.
    Summary · context
    Adults ≥ 18 years with T2DM who received GLP-1 RAs were identified and compared with matched controls.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 4Current

    22 Oct 2026, 02:25 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Versions 2 to 3

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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