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Study · Systematic review · 2026

20 results

GLP-1 Receptor/Dual Agonists for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of RCTs.

Vienghirun J, Sawangjit R, Suttiruksa S, Chaiyakunapruk N, Jinathongthai P, Khunti K, Lee SWH

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism23 Mar 2026Cited by 2 (Europe PMC)

PMID41872986 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1111/dom.70698 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-41872986
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
Jump to 20 results

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study20

18 results from studies that gave the peptide. 18 results from people.

  1. 01HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide increased the chance of at least 5% weight loss versus placebo (RR 7.17).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide made a 5% weight loss much more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥5% weight loss in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    RR
    7.17 ratio
    T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, NMA indicated that tirzepatide, subcutaneous semaglutide (Semaglutide_SC), and oral semaglutide (Semaglutide_oral) increased ≥ 5% weight loss (RR 7.17 [95% CI 4.38-11.73], 4.74 [3.17-7.08], 2.85 [1.78-4.58]) in T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  2. 02HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide increased the chance of at least 5% weight loss versus placebo (RR 2.99).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, tirzepatide made a 5% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥5% weight loss without T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    RR
    2.99 ratio
    non-T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only tirzepatide and Semaglutide_SC were effective (2.99 [1.20-7.44], 2.75 [1.14-6.61]) in non-T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  3. 03HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide increased the chance of at least 10% weight loss versus placebo (RR 14.34), the largest effect of the agents.

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide made a 10% weight loss much more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥10% weight loss in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    RR
    14.34 ratio
    T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    For ≥ 10% loss, tirzepatide was most effective (14.34 [5.98-34.35]), followed by Semaglutide_oral (6.86 [2.63-17.90]) and Semaglutide_SC (6.12 [2.97-12.59]) in T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  4. 04HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide increased the chance of at least 10% weight loss versus placebo (RR 4.70).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, tirzepatide made a 10% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥10% weight loss without T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    RR
    4.7 ratio
    non-T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In non-T2DM, Semaglutide_SC (10.72 [3.29-34.90]) and tirzepatide (4.70 [1.02-21.73]) were effective when compared to placebo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  5. 05HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide reduced weight more than oral semaglutide (mean difference -6.75%).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide led to more weight loss than oral semaglutide.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    DecreasePercentage weight change versus oral semaglutide in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Oral semaglutide
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    MD
    −6.75%
    vs oral semaglutide, T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Mixed treatment effects (direct head to head and indirect comparisons) showed that tirzepatide reduced weight more than Semaglutide_oral (MD -6.75% [-8.34 to -5.17]) and Semaglutide_SC (-4.94% [-6.35 to -3.52]) in T2DM and was the only effective agent in non-T2DM (-16.48% [-21.70 to -11.27]) when compared to placebo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  6. 06HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide reduced weight more than subcutaneous semaglutide (mean difference -4.94%).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide led to more weight loss than injected semaglutide.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    DecreasePercentage weight change versus subcutaneous semaglutide in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Subcutaneous semaglutide
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    MD
    −4.94%
    vs subcutaneous semaglutide, T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Mixed treatment effects (direct head to head and indirect comparisons) showed that tirzepatide reduced weight more than Semaglutide_oral (MD -6.75% [-8.34 to -5.17]) and Semaglutide_SC (-4.94% [-6.35 to -3.52]) in T2DM and was the only effective agent in non-T2DM (-16.48% [-21.70 to -11.27]) when compared to placebo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  7. 07HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide was the only agent that reduced weight versus placebo (mean difference -16.48%).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, tirzepatide was the only agent that led to more weight loss than placebo.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    DecreasePercentage weight change without T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    MD
    −16.48%
    non-T2DM vs placebo

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Mixed treatment effects (direct head to head and indirect comparisons) showed that tirzepatide reduced weight more than Semaglutide_oral (MD -6.75% [-8.34 to -5.17]) and Semaglutide_SC (-4.94% [-6.35 to -3.52]) in T2DM and was the only effective agent in non-T2DM (-16.48% [-21.70 to -11.27]) when compared to placebo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  8. 08HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity, nausea and vomiting were more common with tirzepatide (RR 3.64).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity, nausea and vomiting were more common with tirzepatide.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    IncreaseNausea and vomiting
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    RR
    3.64 ratio
    nausea/vomiting

    Source sentences

    Summary
    nausea/vomiting were more common with tirzepatide (RR 3.64 [2.40-5.52])
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  9. 09HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, subcutaneous semaglutide increased the chance of at least 5% weight loss versus placebo (RR 4.74).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, injected semaglutide made a 5% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥5% weight loss in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    RR
    4.74 ratio
    T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, NMA indicated that tirzepatide, subcutaneous semaglutide (Semaglutide_SC), and oral semaglutide (Semaglutide_oral) increased ≥ 5% weight loss (RR 7.17 [95% CI 4.38-11.73], 4.74 [3.17-7.08], 2.85 [1.78-4.58]) in T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  10. 10HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes, subcutaneous semaglutide increased the chance of at least 5% weight loss versus placebo (RR 2.75).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, injected semaglutide made a 5% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥5% weight loss without T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    RR
    2.75 ratio
    non-T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only tirzepatide and Semaglutide_SC were effective (2.99 [1.20-7.44], 2.75 [1.14-6.61]) in non-T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  11. 11HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, subcutaneous semaglutide increased the chance of at least 10% weight loss versus placebo (RR 6.12).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, injected semaglutide made a 10% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥10% weight loss in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    RR
    6.12 ratio
    T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    For ≥ 10% loss, tirzepatide was most effective (14.34 [5.98-34.35]), followed by Semaglutide_oral (6.86 [2.63-17.90]) and Semaglutide_SC (6.12 [2.97-12.59]) in T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  12. 12HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes, subcutaneous semaglutide increased the chance of at least 10% weight loss versus placebo (RR 10.72).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, injected semaglutide made a 10% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥10% weight loss without T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    RR
    10.72 ratio
    non-T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In non-T2DM, Semaglutide_SC (10.72 [3.29-34.90]) and tirzepatide (4.70 [1.02-21.73]) were effective when compared to placebo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  13. 13HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, subcutaneous semaglutide reduced weight less than tirzepatide (mean difference for tirzepatide -4.94%).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, injected semaglutide led to less weight loss than tirzepatide.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    DecreasePercentage weight change versus tirzepatide in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · subcutaneousAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    MD
    −4.94%
    tirzepatide vs subcutaneous semaglutide, T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Mixed treatment effects (direct head to head and indirect comparisons) showed that tirzepatide reduced weight more than Semaglutide_oral (MD -6.75% [-8.34 to -5.17]) and Semaglutide_SC (-4.94% [-6.35 to -3.52]) in T2DM and was the only effective agent in non-T2DM (-16.48% [-21.70 to -11.27]) when compared to placebo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  14. 14HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide increased the chance of at least 5% weight loss versus placebo (RR 2.85).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide made a 5% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥5% weight loss in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    RR
    2.85 ratio
    T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Compared to placebo, NMA indicated that tirzepatide, subcutaneous semaglutide (Semaglutide_SC), and oral semaglutide (Semaglutide_oral) increased ≥ 5% weight loss (RR 7.17 [95% CI 4.38-11.73], 4.74 [3.17-7.08], 2.85 [1.78-4.58]) in T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  15. 15HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide increased the chance of at least 10% weight loss versus placebo (RR 6.86).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide made a 10% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseAchieving ≥10% weight loss in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    RR
    6.86 ratio
    T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    For ≥ 10% loss, tirzepatide was most effective (14.34 [5.98-34.35]), followed by Semaglutide_oral (6.86 [2.63-17.90]) and Semaglutide_SC (6.12 [2.97-12.59]) in T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  16. 16HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide was not among the agents that were effective for at least 5% weight loss versus placebo.

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, oral semaglutide was not shown to make a 5% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeAchieving ≥5% weight loss without T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only tirzepatide and Semaglutide_SC were effective (2.99 [1.20-7.44], 2.75 [1.14-6.61]) in non-T2DM.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  17. 17HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide was not among the agents that were effective for at least 10% weight loss versus placebo.

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, oral semaglutide was not shown to make a 10% weight loss more likely than placebo.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeAchieving ≥10% weight loss without T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In non-T2DM, Semaglutide_SC (10.72 [3.29-34.90]) and tirzepatide (4.70 [1.02-21.73]) were effective when compared to placebo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.
  18. 18HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide reduced weight less than tirzepatide (mean difference for tirzepatide -6.75%).

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide led to less weight loss than tirzepatide.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    DecreasePercentage weight change versus tirzepatide in T2DM
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    MD
    −6.75%
    tirzepatide vs oral semaglutide, T2DM

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Mixed treatment effects (direct head to head and indirect comparisons) showed that tirzepatide reduced weight more than Semaglutide_oral (MD -6.75% [-8.34 to -5.17]) and Semaglutide_SC (-4.94% [-6.35 to -3.52]) in T2DM and was the only effective agent in non-T2DM (-16.48% [-21.70 to -11.27]) when compared to placebo.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone2

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

  1. 19HumanNot a test of Tirzepatide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity, higher doses of the pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual agonists enhanced weight loss.

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity, higher doses of these drugs led to more weight loss.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    IncreaseDose-response of weight loss across agents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Higher doses enhanced weight loss
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.

    In this study, Tirzepatide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Tirzepatide.

  2. 20HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with overweight or obesity, higher doses of the pooled GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual agonists enhanced weight loss.

    In plain wordsIn adults with overweight or obesity, higher doses of these drugs led to more weight loss.

    Peptide
    Semaglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseDose-response of weight loss across agents
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Higher doses enhanced weight loss
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    A total of 127 RCTs (58 976) Participants; (39 520 with and 19 456 without T2DM) assessed seven GLP-1RAs.

    In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    11 Oct 2026, 00:04 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:07 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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