Association between eating behavior patterns and the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter prospective observational study.

Koide Y, Kato T, Hayashi M, Daido H, Maruyama T, Ishihara T, Nishimura K, Tsunekawa S, Yabe D

Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare17 Sept 2025Cited by 4 (Europe PMC)

PMID41040428PMCIDPMC12483915DOI10.3389/fcdhc.2025.1638681PepBankPUB-41040428

Summary

BackgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are widely used to improve glycemic control and induce weight loss in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet treatment responses vary significantly among individuals. Eating behavior has been hypothesized to influence therapeutic efficacy, but supporting evidence remains limited.MethodsIn this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]). Primary and secondary outcomes included changes in HbA1c, body weight, and eating behavior patterns over 12 months.ResultsGLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months. Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes. Higher baseline external eating scores were independently associated with greater weight reduction and showed a trend toward enhanced glycemic improvement. No significant associations were observed between emotional or restrained eating scores and clinical outcomes.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that GLP-1RAs improve both metabolic parameters and external eating behavior in T2D individuals. External eating emerged as a potential behavioral marker predictive of treatment response. These findings suggest that integrating eating behavior assessments may help personalize GLP-1RA therapy and optimize outcomes in clinical practice.Clinical trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trials identifier, UMIN000045362.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study27

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone27

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

01HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower HbA1c at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower long-term blood sugar at 12 months.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseHbA1c
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042801
02HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower HbA1c at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower long-term blood sugar at 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseHbA1c
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042802
03HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower HbA1c at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower long-term blood sugar at 12 months.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseHbA1c
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042803
04HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body weight at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower weight at 12 months.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042804
05HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body weight at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower weight at 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042805
06HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body weight at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower weight at 12 months.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042806
07HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body fat percentage at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body fat percentage at 12 months.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseBody fat percentage
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042807
08HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body fat percentage at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body fat percentage at 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBody fat percentage
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042808
09HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body fat percentage at 12 months.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to lower body fat percentage at 12 months.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBody fat percentage
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA therapy significantly reduced HbA1c, body weight, and body fat percentage at 12 months.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042809
10HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to a sustained decrease in external eating scores.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to a sustained decrease in eating triggered by external cues.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseExternal eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042810
11HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to a sustained decrease in external eating scores.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to a sustained decrease in eating triggered by external cues.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseExternal eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042811
12HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to a sustained decrease in external eating scores.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, pooled GLP-1RA use was linked to a sustained decrease in eating triggered by external cues.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseExternal eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042812
13HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, emotional eating scores changed transiently during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, emotional eating scores changed temporarily during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Direction not reportedEmotional eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042813
14HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, emotional eating scores changed transiently during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, emotional eating scores changed temporarily during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedEmotional eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042814
15HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, emotional eating scores changed transiently during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, emotional eating scores changed temporarily during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedEmotional eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042815
16HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, restrained eating scores changed transiently during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, restrained eating scores changed temporarily during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Direction not reportedRestrained eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042816
17HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, restrained eating scores changed transiently during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, restrained eating scores changed temporarily during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedRestrained eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042817
18HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, restrained eating scores changed transiently during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
In plain wordsIn adults with diabetes, restrained eating scores changed temporarily during pooled GLP-1RA treatment.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedRestrained eating score
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, external eating scores showed a sustained decrease, while emotional and restrained eating scores exhibited transient changes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042818
19HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, higher baseline external eating scores were independently linked to greater weight reduction.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, higher initial external eating scores were linked to greater weight loss.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
IncreaseExternal eating association with weight reduction
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Higher baseline external eating scores were independently associated with greater weight reduction and showed a trend toward enhanced glycemic improvement.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042819
20HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, higher baseline external eating scores were independently linked to greater weight reduction.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, higher initial external eating scores were linked to greater weight loss.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseExternal eating association with weight reduction
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Higher baseline external eating scores were independently associated with greater weight reduction and showed a trend toward enhanced glycemic improvement.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042820
21HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, higher baseline external eating scores were independently linked to greater weight reduction.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, higher initial external eating scores were linked to greater weight loss.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseExternal eating association with weight reduction
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Higher baseline external eating scores were independently associated with greater weight reduction and showed a trend toward enhanced glycemic improvement.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042821
22HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, higher baseline external eating scores showed a trend toward greater glycemic improvement.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, higher initial external eating scores showed a trend toward greater blood sugar improvement.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
IncreaseExternal eating association with glycemic improvement
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Higher baseline external eating scores were independently associated with greater weight reduction and showed a trend toward enhanced glycemic improvement.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042822
23HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, higher baseline external eating scores showed a trend toward greater glycemic improvement.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, higher initial external eating scores showed a trend toward greater blood sugar improvement.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseExternal eating association with glycemic improvement
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Higher baseline external eating scores were independently associated with greater weight reduction and showed a trend toward enhanced glycemic improvement.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042823
24HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, higher baseline external eating scores showed a trend toward greater glycemic improvement.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, higher initial external eating scores showed a trend toward greater blood sugar improvement.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseExternal eating association with glycemic improvement
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Higher baseline external eating scores were independently associated with greater weight reduction and showed a trend toward enhanced glycemic improvement.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042824
25HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, emotional or restrained eating scores had no significant association with clinical outcomes.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, emotional or restrained eating scores had no significant link to clinical outcomes.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeEating scores association with clinical outcomes
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Overall treatment effect · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant associations were observed between emotional or restrained eating scores and clinical outcomes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042825
26HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, emotional or restrained eating scores had no significant association with clinical outcomes.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, emotional or restrained eating scores had no significant link to clinical outcomes.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeEating scores association with clinical outcomes
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Overall treatment effect · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant associations were observed between emotional or restrained eating scores and clinical outcomes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042826
27HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults receiving pooled GLP-1RAs, emotional or restrained eating scores had no significant association with clinical outcomes.
In plain wordsIn adults receiving pooled GLP-1 drugs, emotional or restrained eating scores had no significant link to clinical outcomes.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeEating scores association with clinical outcomes
Study
n = 92
Outcome group
Overall treatment effect · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant associations were observed between emotional or restrained eating scores and clinical outcomes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this multicenter, prospective observational study, we enrolled 92 individuals with T2D initiating GLP-1RA therapy (liraglutide, dulaglutide, oral semaglutide, or injectable semaglutide) at four institutions in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
Summary · context
Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months for clinical parameters, dietary intake, and eating behaviors using validated tools (Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire [DEBQ-J]).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4104042827

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 4Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:25 UTC
Study results updated
Versions 2 to 3
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Association between eating behavior patterns and the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter prospective observational study.

Summary

Results from this study27

Studies that did not test the peptide alone27

Version history

Subjects

Publication types

Keywords