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Study · Systematic review · 2025

6 results

Medications for adults with type 2 diabetes: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Nong K, Jeppesen BT, Shi Q, Agoritsas T, Guyatt GH, White H, Gao Y, Agarwal A, Macdonald H, Zou X, Millard T, Schnell O and 24 more

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Marx N, Brosius FC 3rd, McDonald S, Quigley M, Tian X, Fan Q, White B, Mao Y, Pan X, Liu C, Zhai C, Yuan C, Li Q, An J, Gan Y, Wang Y, Jin Y, Sun F, Zhu Z, Rydén L, Standl E, Turner T, Vandvik PO, Li S

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)14 Aug 2025Cited by 20 (Europe PMC)

PMID40813122 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1136/bmj-2024-083039 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-40813122
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study6

3 results from studies that gave the peptide. 3 results from people.

  1. 01HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In a network meta-analysis of trials in adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide was among the most effective drugs for reducing body weight (mean difference -8.63 kg; moderate certainty).

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, trials combined showed tirzepatide was one of the most effective drugs for weight loss.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    DecreaseBody weight, mean difference
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Mean difference
    −8.63 kg
    tirzepatide

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The most effective drugs in reducing body weight were tirzepatide (mean difference (MD) -8.63 kg (95% confidence interval -9.34 to -7.93); moderate certainty)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Living systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA), using frequentist random effects and GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) approaches.
    Summary · context
    Randomised controlled trials of at least 24 weeks comparing one or more medications with standard treatment, placebo, or each other.
  2. 02HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome

    In a network meta-analysis of trials in adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide probably increased severe gastrointestinal events (OR 4.21; moderate certainty).

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, trials combined showed tirzepatide probably raised the risk of severe stomach and bowel problems.

    Peptide
    Tirzepatide
    Outcome
    IncreaseSevere gastrointestinal events
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Odds ratio
    4.21 ratio
    tirzepatide, severe gastrointestinal events

    Source sentences

    Summary
    most increased risk with tirzepatide (OR 4.21 (1.87 to 9.49); moderate certainty))
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Living systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA), using frequentist random effects and GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) approaches.
    Summary · context
    Randomised controlled trials of at least 24 weeks comparing one or more medications with standard treatment, placebo, or each other.
  3. 03HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, orforglipron reduced body weight with a mean difference of -7.87 kg, with low certainty.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, orforglipron reduced body weight by a mean difference of -7.87 kg, with low certainty.

    Peptide
    Orforglipron
    Outcome
    DecreaseBody weight mean difference
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Body weight · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated

    Measurements

    Body weight mean difference
    −7.87 kg
    orforglipron
    Confidence interval
    −10.24 to −5.5 kg
    orforglipron

    Source sentences

    Summary
    orforglipron (MD -7.87 kg (-10.24 to -5.50); low certainty)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Living systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA), using frequentist random effects and GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) approaches.
    Summary · context
    Randomised controlled trials of at least 24 weeks comparing one or more medications with standard treatment, placebo, or each other.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Orforglipron was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Orforglipron.

  1. 04HumanNot a test of Orforglipron aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, the review confirmed cardiovascular and kidney benefits of pooled GLP-1RAs, together with SGLT-2 inhibitors and finerenone, with moderate to high certainty.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RAs showed cardiovascular and kidney benefits with moderate to high certainty.

    Peptide
    Orforglipron
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedCardiovascular and kidney benefits
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Regarding benefits, moderate to high certainty evidence confirms the well established cardiovascular and kidney benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and finerenone (the last for patients with established chronic kidney disease).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Living systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA), using frequentist random effects and GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) approaches.
    Summary · context
    Randomised controlled trials of at least 24 weeks comparing one or more medications with standard treatment, placebo, or each other.

    In this study, Orforglipron was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Orforglipron.

  2. 05HumanNot a test of Orforglipron aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RAs probably increased severe gastrointestinal events.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, pooled GLP-1RAs probably increased severe gastrointestinal events.

    Peptide
    Orforglipron
    Outcome
    IncreaseSevere gastrointestinal events
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    tirzepatide and GLP-1RAs probably increase severe gastrointestinal events (most increased risk with tirzepatide (OR 4.21 (1.87 to 9.49); moderate certainty))
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Living systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA), using frequentist random effects and GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) approaches.
    Summary · context
    Randomised controlled trials of at least 24 weeks comparing one or more medications with standard treatment, placebo, or each other.

    In this study, Orforglipron was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Orforglipron.

  3. 06HumanNot a test of Orforglipron aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, whether pooled GLP-1RAs reduced dementia remained uncertain (OR 0.92, 0.83 to 1.02, low certainty).

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, whether pooled GLP-1RAs reduced dementia remained uncertain.

    Peptide
    Orforglipron
    Outcome
    No significant changeDementia
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Cognition and memory · Nervous system and cognition

    Measurements

    Odds ratio
    0.92 NA
    dementia
    Confidence interval
    0.83 to 1.02 NA
    dementia

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Despite interest in the issue, there is uncertainty about whether GLP-1RAs may reduce dementia (OR 0.92 (0.83 to 1.02); low certainty).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Living systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA), using frequentist random effects and GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation) approaches.
    Summary · context
    Randomised controlled trials of at least 24 weeks comparing one or more medications with standard treatment, placebo, or each other.

    In this study, Orforglipron was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Orforglipron.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Versions 4 to 14Current

    28 Oct 2026, 02:02 UTC

    The same notice was added 11 times, first on 14 Oct 2026, 05:02 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study results updated

  2. Version 3

    14 Oct 2026, 01:46 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 2

    12 Oct 2026, 12:58 UTC

    Study results updated

  4. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 03:07 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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