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Study · Observational study · n = 41 · 2025

17 results

Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors, and Their Combination on Neurohumoral and Mitochondrial Activation in Patients With Diabetes.

Ikonomidis I, Pavlidis G, Pliouta L, Katogiannis K, Maratou E, Thymis J, Michalopoulou E, Prentza V, Katsanaki E, Vlachomitros D, Kountouri A, Korakas E and 4 more

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Andreadou I, Kouretas D, Parissis J, Lambadiari V

Journal of the American Heart Association26 Feb 2025Cited by 10 (Europe PMC)

PMID40008510 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC12132653 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1161/jaha.124.039129 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-40008510
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC-ND. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study17

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. 6 results from people.

  1. 01HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, 12 months of GLP-1RA treatment (liraglutide) reduced NT-proBNP more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide use was linked to a larger drop in the heart-stress marker NT-proBNP than insulin use.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseNT-proBNP reduction at 12 months
    Study

    n = 41

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 12 months, GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of NT-proBNP (-43.1% versus -54.2% versus -56.9% versus -14.7%) and GDF-15 than insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.
  2. 02HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, 12 months of GLP-1RA treatment (liraglutide) reduced GDF-15 more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide use was linked to a larger drop in the stress marker GDF-15 than insulin use.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseGDF-15 reduction at 12 months
    Study

    n = 41

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 12 months, GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of NT-proBNP (-43.1% versus -54.2% versus -56.9% versus -14.7%) and GDF-15 than insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.
  3. 03HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1RA treatment (liraglutide) alone did not improve MOTS-c; only SGLT-2i and the combination did.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide alone was not linked to higher levels of the body's own MOTS-c.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    No significant changeMOTS-c change
    Study

    n = 41

    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only treatment with SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i improved MOTS-c.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.
  4. 04HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1RA treatment (liraglutide) increased global longitudinal strain more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide use was linked to a larger rise in a measure of heart muscle strain than insulin use.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGlobal longitudinal strain
    Study

    n = 41

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, or GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i provided an increase of global longitudinal strain, left atrial strain, and global work index compared with insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.
  5. 05HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1RA treatment (liraglutide) increased left atrial strain more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide use was linked to a larger rise in left atrial strain than insulin use.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseLeft atrial strain during atrial reservoir phase
    Study

    n = 41

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, or GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i provided an increase of global longitudinal strain, left atrial strain, and global work index compared with insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.
  6. 06HumanObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1RA treatment (liraglutide) increased the global work index more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide use was linked to a larger rise in the heart's global work index than insulin use.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGlobal work index
    Study

    n = 41

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, or GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i provided an increase of global longitudinal strain, left atrial strain, and global work index compared with insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

Natural levels measured5

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 07HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In all patients with type 2 diabetes, a decrease of GDF-15 was associated with an increase of MOTS‑c.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a fall in GDF-15 was linked to a rise in the body's own MOTS‑c.

    Peptide
    MOTS-c
    Outcome
    Not applicableAssociation of GDF-15 decrease with MOTS-c increase
    Study

    n = 163

    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    the decrease of GDF-15 with the increase of ABTS and MOTS-c
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    This result measures the body's own MOTS-c. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 08HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In all patients with type 2 diabetes, an increase of MOTS‑c was associated with improved global longitudinal strain and constructive myocardial work at 12 months.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a rise in the body's own MOTS‑c was linked to better heart muscle strain and work.

    Peptide
    MOTS-c
    Outcome
    Not applicableAssociation of MOTS-c increase with myocardial strain and work
    Study

    n = 163

    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    the increase of MOTs-c with improved global longitudinal strain and constructive myocardial work at 12 months (P<0.05)
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    This result measures the body's own MOTS-c. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 09HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In adults with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, treatment with an SGLT-2 inhibitor was associated with an increase in the body's own MOTS‑c levels over 12 months.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, treatment with an SGLT-2 inhibitor was linked to a rise in the body's own MOTS‑c levels.

    Peptide
    MOTS-c
    Outcome
    IncreaseMOTS-c with SGLT-2i (empagliflozin)
    Study

    n = 42

    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only treatment with SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i improved MOTS-c.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    This result measures the body's own MOTS-c. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  4. 10HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In adults with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, GLP-1RA treatment alone did not improve the body's own MOTS‑c levels.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide alone did not improve the body's own MOTS‑c levels.

    Peptide
    MOTS-c
    Outcome
    No significant changeMOTS-c with GLP-1RA alone (liraglutide)
    Study

    n = 41

    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only treatment with SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i improved MOTS-c.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    This result measures the body's own MOTS-c. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  5. 11HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In adults with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, combined GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i treatment was associated with an increase in the body's own MOTS‑c levels over 12 months.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, the combined diabetes drugs were linked to a rise in the body's own MOTS‑c levels.

    Peptide
    MOTS-c
    Outcome
    IncreaseMOTS-c with GLP-1RA + SGLT-2i
    Study

    n = 40

    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only treatment with SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i improved MOTS-c.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    This result measures the body's own MOTS-c. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone6

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  1. 12HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, the combination of a GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i reduced NT-proBNP more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a GLP-1 drug plus an SGLT-2 drug was linked to a larger drop in NT-proBNP than insulin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseNT-proBNP reduction with GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i
    Study

    n = 40

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 12 months, GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of NT-proBNP (-43.1% versus -54.2% versus -56.9% versus -14.7%) and GDF-15 than insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  2. 13HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, the combination of a GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i reduced GDF-15 more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a GLP-1 drug plus an SGLT-2 drug was linked to a larger drop in GDF-15 than insulin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    DecreaseGDF-15 reduction with GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i
    Study

    n = 40

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 12 months, GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of NT-proBNP (-43.1% versus -54.2% versus -56.9% versus -14.7%) and GDF-15 than insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  3. 14HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, the combination of a GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i improved MOTS-c.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a GLP-1 drug plus an SGLT-2 drug was linked to higher levels of the body's own MOTS-c.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseMOTS-c change with GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i
    Study

    n = 40

    Outcome group
    Mitochondrial function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only treatment with SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i improved MOTS-c.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  4. 15HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, the combination of a GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i increased global longitudinal strain more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a GLP-1 drug plus an SGLT-2 drug was linked to a larger rise in heart muscle strain than insulin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGlobal longitudinal strain with GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i
    Study

    n = 40

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, or GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i provided an increase of global longitudinal strain, left atrial strain, and global work index compared with insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  5. 16HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, the combination of a GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i increased left atrial strain more than insulin.

    In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, a GLP-1 drug plus an SGLT-2 drug was linked to a larger rise in left atrial strain than insulin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseLeft atrial strain with GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i
    Study

    n = 40

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, or GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i provided an increase of global longitudinal strain, left atrial strain, and global work index compared with insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

  6. 17HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyEfficacy outcome

    In adults with type 2 diabetes, the combination of a GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i increased the global work index more than insulin.

    In plain wordsWith type 2 diabetes, a GLP-1 drug plus an SGLT-2 drug was linked to a larger rise in global work index than insulin.

    Peptide
    Liraglutide
    Outcome
    IncreaseGlobal work index with GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i
    Study

    n = 40

    Comparator
    Insulin
    Outcome group
    Heart function · Cardiovascular

    Source sentences

    Summary
    GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, or GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i provided an increase of global longitudinal strain, left atrial strain, and global work index compared with insulin.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    We studied 163 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=41), empagliflozin (n=42), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) and were matched using propensity score analysis.

    In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 ongoing · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

RecruitingPhase not statedNCT03878706

The Cardiovascular Effect of GLP-1 Agonist, SGLT2 Inhibitor and Their Combination

University of Athensn = 2403 Nov 2017 to est. 30 Jun 2027

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Trial pageClinicalTrials.govUpdated 13 Mar 2026

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Versions 3 to 38Current

    28 Oct 2026, 02:04 UTC

    The same notice was added 36 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC. The status did not change between them.

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:47 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.