Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Yao H, Zhang A, Li D, Wu Y, Wang CZ, Wan JY, Yuan CS

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)29 Jan 2024Cited by 449 (Europe PMC)

PMID38286487PMCIDPMC10823535DOI10.1136/bmj-2023-076410PepBankPUB-38286487

Read at source PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study11

5 results from studies that gave the peptide. 5 results from people.

01HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide gave the largest reduction in HbA1c versus placebo among 15 GLP-1 receptor agonists in a network meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide lowered HbA1c more than placebo, and more than the other drugs compared in this pooled analysis.
Peptide
Tirzepatide
Outcome
DecreaseHbA1c change
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
HbA1c mean difference
−2.1%
tirzepatide vs placebo
Source sentences
Summary
Tirzepatide induced the largest reduction of haemoglobin A_1c concentrations (mean difference -2.10% (95% confidence interval -2.47% to -1.74%), surface under the cumulative ranking curve 94.2%; high confidence of evidence), and fasting plasma glucose concentrations (-3.12 mmol/L (-3.59 to…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Report a problemFND-3828648701
02HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide reduced fasting plasma glucose versus placebo in a network meta-analysis, with the largest effect among the drugs compared.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide lowered fasting blood glucose more than placebo in this pooled analysis.
Peptide
Tirzepatide
Outcome
DecreaseFasting plasma glucose change
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
Fasting plasma glucose mean difference
−3.12 mmol/L
tirzepatide vs placebo
Source sentences
Summary
Tirzepatide induced the largest reduction of haemoglobin A_1c concentrations (mean difference -2.10% (95% confidence interval -2.47% to -1.74%), surface under the cumulative ranking curve 94.2%; high confidence of evidence), and fasting plasma glucose concentrations (-3.12 mmol/L (-3.59 to…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Report a problemFND-3828648702
03HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide reduced body weight versus placebo in a network meta-analysis, second only to CagriSema.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, tirzepatide lowered body weight more than placebo in this pooled analysis.
Peptide
Tirzepatide
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight change
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
Body weight mean difference
−8.47 kg
tirzepatide vs placebo
Source sentences
Summary
followed by tirzepatide (-8.47 kg (-9.68 to -7.26); high confidence).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Report a problemFND-3828648703
04HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, semaglutide lowered LDL cholesterol versus placebo in a network meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, semaglutide lowered LDL cholesterol more than placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseLDL cholesterol change
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Lipids · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
LDL cholesterol change
−0.16 mmol/L
semaglutide vs placebo
Source sentences
Summary
Semaglutide was effective in lowering the concentration of low density lipoprotein (-0.16 mmol/L (-0.30 to -0.02)) and total cholesterol (-0.48 mmol/L (-0.84 to -0.11)).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
Report a problemFND-3828648709
05HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, semaglutide lowered total cholesterol versus placebo in a network meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, semaglutide lowered total cholesterol more than placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseTotal cholesterol change
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Lipids · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
Total cholesterol change
−0.48 mmol/L
semaglutide vs placebo
Source sentences
Summary
Semaglutide was effective in lowering the concentration of low density lipoprotein (-0.16 mmol/L (-0.30 to -0.02)) and total cholesterol (-0.48 mmol/L (-0.84 to -0.11)).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
Report a problemFND-3828648710

Studies that did not test the peptide alone6

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

06HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, all 15 GLP-1 receptor agonists lowered HbA1c versus placebo in a network meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, all 15 GLP-1 drugs lowered HbA1c more than placebo; this is a pooled drug-class result.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseHbA1c, all 15 GLP-1 receptor agonists
Study
n = 39,246
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
All 15 GLP-1RAs effectively lowered haemoglobin A_1c and fasting plasma glucose concentrations.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3828648705
07HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, all 15 GLP-1 receptor agonists lowered fasting plasma glucose versus placebo in a network meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, all 15 GLP-1 drugs lowered fasting blood glucose more than placebo; this is a pooled drug-class result.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseFasting plasma glucose, all 15 GLP-1 receptor agonists
Study
n = 39,246
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
All 15 GLP-1RAs effectively lowered haemoglobin A_1c and fasting plasma glucose concentrations.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3828648706
08HumanNot a test of Cagrilintide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, CagriSema (semaglutide with cagrilintide) gave the largest body weight reduction versus placebo in a network meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, CagriSema (semaglutide with cagrilintide) lowered body weight more than placebo, the most among the drugs compared.
Peptide
Cagrilintide
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight change
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Measurements
Body weight mean difference
−14.03 kg
CagriSema vs placebo
Source sentences
Summary
CagriSema (semaglutide with cagrilintide) resulted in the highest weight loss (mean difference -14.03 kg (95% confidence interval -17.05 to -11.00); high confidence of evidence)
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
In this study, Cagrilintide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Cagrilintide.
Report a problemFND-3828648704
09HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 receptor agonists as a class showed strong benefits for weight management versus placebo.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 drugs as a class helped with weight more than placebo; this is a pooled drug-class result.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseWeight management, GLP-1 receptor agonists
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Furthermore, GLP-1RAs were shown to have strong benefits to weight management for patients with type 2 diabetes.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3828648707
10HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, CagriSema (semaglutide with cagrilintide) reduced weight by 14.03 kg versus placebo.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, CagriSema (semaglutide with cagrilintide) cut weight more than placebo; this does not show the effect of semaglutide alone.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseWeight change, CagriSema vs placebo
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Measurements
Weight change
−14.03 kg
CagriSema vs placebo
Source sentences
Summary
CagriSema (semaglutide with cagrilintide) resulted in the highest weight loss (mean difference -14.03 kg (95% confidence interval -17.05 to -11.00); high confidence of evidence), followed by tirzepatide (-8.47 kg (-9.68 to -7.26); high confidence).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3828648708
11HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 receptor agonists as a class induced gastrointestinal adverse events, especially at high doses.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 drugs as a class caused stomach and gut side effects, especially at high doses.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseGastrointestinal adverse events, GLP-1 receptor agonists
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
Moreover, this study also raises awareness of gastrointestinal adverse events induced by GLP-1RAs, and concerns about safety are especially warranted for high dose administration.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks.
Summary · context
76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-3828648711

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 not yet recruiting · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

Not yet recruitingPhase 4NCT07100691

Gastric Emptying With Metoclopramide in GLP-1 Agonist Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery

Mater Misericordiae University Hospitaln = 80est. Aug 2025 to est. Jun 2026

Pulmonary Aspiration During Anaesthetic Induction · Gastric Emptying Time · Preoperative Risk Assessment · Obesity (Disorder)

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 6 Aug 2025

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Versions 4 to 39Current
28 Oct 2026, 02:04 UTC
The same notice was added 36 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC. The status did not change between them.
Study results updated
Versions 2 to 3
9 Oct 2026, 03:07 UTC
The same notice was added 2 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC. The status did not change between them.
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:04 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC