Efficacy and safety of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Li J, He K, Ge J, Li C, Jing Z

Diabetes research and clinical practice9 Jan 2021Cited by 32 (Europe PMC)

PMID33434602DOI10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108656PepBankPUB-33434602

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study20

20 results from studies that gave the peptide. 20 results from people.

01HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced HbA1c compared with placebo in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide lowered HbA1c more than placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseHbA1c vs placebo
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460201
02HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced body weight compared with placebo in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide lowered body weight more than placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight vs placebo
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460202
03HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose compared with placebo in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide lowered fasting blood sugar more than placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseFasting plasma glucose vs placebo
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460203
04HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced self-measured plasma glucose compared with placebo in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide lowered self-measured blood sugar more than placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseSelf-measured plasma glucose vs placebo
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460204
05HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly increased the number of participants reaching HbA1c below 7.0% compared with placebo.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, more people reached HbA1c below 7.0% with oral semaglutide than with placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseAchieving HbA1c below 7.0% vs placebo
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460205
06HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced serious adverse events compared with placebo in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, serious side effects were less frequent with oral semaglutide than with placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseSerious adverse events vs placebo
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Adverse events · Whole body
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460206
07HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced all-cause death compared with placebo in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, deaths from any cause were less frequent with oral semaglutide than with placebo.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseAll-cause death vs placebo
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo
Outcome group
Mortality · Whole body
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460207
08HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced HbA1c compared with active comparators in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide lowered HbA1c more than other diabetes drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseHbA1c vs active comparators
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Active comparators
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with active comparators, oral semaglutide significantly reduced the level of HbA1c, body weight, and SMPG and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460208
09HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced body weight compared with active comparators in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide lowered body weight more than other diabetes drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseBody weight vs active comparators
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Active comparators
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with active comparators, oral semaglutide significantly reduced the level of HbA1c, body weight, and SMPG and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460209
10HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly reduced self-measured plasma glucose compared with active comparators in a meta-analysis.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide lowered self-measured blood sugar more than other diabetes drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
DecreaseSelf-measured plasma glucose vs active comparators
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Active comparators
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with active comparators, oral semaglutide significantly reduced the level of HbA1c, body weight, and SMPG and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460210
11HumanSystematic reviewEfficacy outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide significantly increased the number of participants reaching HbA1c below 7.0% compared with active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, more people reached HbA1c below 7.0% with oral semaglutide than with other diabetes drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseAchieving HbA1c below 7.0% vs active comparators
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Active comparators
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with active comparators, oral semaglutide significantly reduced the level of HbA1c, body weight, and SMPG and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7.0%.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460211
12HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not raise the overall rate of side effects compared with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeAdverse events overall
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Adverse events · Whole body
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460212
13HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not increase hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic) compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not raise the rate of low blood sugar compared with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeHypoglycemia
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Adverse events · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460213
14HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not increase myocardial infarction compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not raise the rate of heart attack compared with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeMyocardial infarction
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460214
15HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not increase heart failure requiring hospitalization compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not raise hospital stays for heart failure compared with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeHeart failure requiring hospitalization
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460215
16HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not increase stroke compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not raise the rate of stroke compared with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeStroke
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Cardiovascular events · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460216
17HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not increase acute pancreatitis compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide did not raise the rate of acute pancreatitis compared with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeAcute pancreatitis
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460217
18HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide increased the incidence of nausea compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, nausea happened more often with oral semaglutide than with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseNausea
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460218
19HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide increased the incidence of diarrhea compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, diarrhea happened more often with oral semaglutide than with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseDiarrhea
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460219
20HumanSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In adults with type 2 diabetes, oral semaglutide increased the incidence of vomiting compared with placebo or active comparators.
In plain wordsIn adults with type 2 diabetes, vomiting happened more often with oral semaglutide than with placebo or other drugs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
IncreaseVomiting
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Placebo or active comparators
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal adverse events · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · oralAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Compared with placebo or active comparators, oral semaglutide did not increase the incidence of adverse events, hypoglycemia (severe or blood glucose-confirmed symptomatic), myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, stroke or acute pancreatitis but did increase the incidence of…
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Randomized controlled trials comparing oral semaglutide with placebo or other antihyperglycemic agents in T2DM patients were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Summary · context
Ten relevant studies involving 8,536 patients were finally included.
Report a problemFND-3343460220

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Versions 3 to 38Current
28 Oct 2026, 02:04 UTC
The same notice was added 36 times, first on 9 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC. The status did not change between them.
Study results updated
Version 2
9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Efficacy and safety of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Summary

Results from this study20

Version history

Subjects

Publication types

MeSH terms

Keywords