Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors, and Their Combination on Endothelial Glycocalyx, Arterial Function, and Myocardial Work Index in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After 12-Month Treatment.

Ikonomidis I, Pavlidis G, Thymis J, Birba D, Kalogeris A, Kousathana F, Kountouri A, Balampanis K, Parissis J, Andreadou I, Katogiannis K, Dimitriadis G, Bamias A, Iliodromitis E, Lambadiari V

Journal of the American Heart Association24 Apr 2020Cited by 154 (Europe PMC)

PMID32326806PMCIDPMC7428590DOI10.1161/jaha.119.015716PepBankPUB-32326806

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC-ND. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study15

10 results from studies that gave the peptide. 10 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, perfused boundary region improved after 12 months in all groups, including the liraglutide group.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, a blood vessel lining measure improved in every treatment group, including liraglutide, after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreasePerfused boundary region change (all groups)
Study
n = 160
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Twelve months posttreatment, all patients improved perfused boundary region, PWV, global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, and global radial strain (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680601
02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, pulse wave velocity improved after 12 months in all groups, including the liraglutide group.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, artery stiffness improved in every treatment group, including liraglutide, after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreasePulse wave velocity change (all groups)
Study
n = 160
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Twelve months posttreatment, all patients improved perfused boundary region, PWV, global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, and global radial strain (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680602
03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, global longitudinal strain improved after 12 months in all groups, including the liraglutide group.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, a heart muscle movement measure improved in every treatment group, including liraglutide, after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedGlobal longitudinal strain change (all groups)
Study
n = 160
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Twelve months posttreatment, all patients improved perfused boundary region, PWV, global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, and global radial strain (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680603
04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, global circumferential strain improved after 12 months in all groups, including the liraglutide group.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, a heart muscle movement measure improved in every treatment group, including liraglutide, after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedGlobal circumferential strain change (all groups)
Study
n = 160
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Twelve months posttreatment, all patients improved perfused boundary region, PWV, global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, and global radial strain (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680604
05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, global radial strain improved after 12 months in all groups, including the liraglutide group.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, a heart muscle movement measure improved in every treatment group, including liraglutide, after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedGlobal radial strain change (all groups)
Study
n = 160
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
Twelve months posttreatment, all patients improved perfused boundary region, PWV, global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, and global radial strain (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680605
06HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide reduced perfused boundary region more than insulin after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide improved a blood vessel lining measure more than insulin after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreasePerfused boundary region versus insulin
Study
n = 80
Comparator
Insulin
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of perfused boundary region, PWV, and central systolic blood pressure than insulin, despite a similar glycosylated hemoglobin reduction (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680606
07HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide reduced pulse wave velocity more than insulin after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide lowered artery stiffness more than insulin after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreasePulse wave velocity versus insulin
Study
n = 80
Comparator
Insulin
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
PWV decrease
8.6%
liraglutide
PWV decrease
3.6%
insulin
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of perfused boundary region, PWV, and central systolic blood pressure than insulin, despite a similar glycosylated hemoglobin reduction (P<0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
SGLT-2i or GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i showed a greater decrease of PWV (10.1% and 13%) and central and brachial systolic blood pressure than insulin or GLP-1RA (PWV, 3.6% and 8.6%) (P<0.05 for all comparisons).
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680607
08HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide reduced central systolic blood pressure more than insulin after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide lowered central blood pressure more than insulin after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseCentral systolic blood pressure versus insulin
Study
n = 80
Comparator
Insulin
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of perfused boundary region, PWV, and central systolic blood pressure than insulin, despite a similar glycosylated hemoglobin reduction (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680608
09HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin reduction was similar with liraglutide and insulin after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide and insulin lowered HbA1c by a similar amount after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeGlycosylated hemoglobin reduction versus insulin
Study
n = 80
Comparator
Insulin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of perfused boundary region, PWV, and central systolic blood pressure than insulin, despite a similar glycosylated hemoglobin reduction (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680609
10HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide gave a greater increase of global work index than insulin or empagliflozin after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide raised heart work efficiency more than insulin or empagliflozin did after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseGlobal work index increase
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Insulin or empagliflozin
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 12 monthsAs given in this study (human).
Measurements
Global work index increase
12.7%
liraglutide
Global work index increase
3.1%
insulin
Global work index increase
2%
empagliflozin
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA or GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i provided a greater increase of global work index (12.7% and 17.4%) compared with insulin or SGLT-2i (3.1% and 2%).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
Report a problemFND-3232680610

Studies that did not test the peptide alone5

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

11HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, the combination of liraglutide and empagliflozin reduced perfused boundary region more than insulin after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide plus empagliflozin improved a blood vessel lining measure more than insulin after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreasePerfused boundary region, liraglutide plus empagliflozin versus insulin
Study
n = 80
Comparator
Insulin
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of perfused boundary region, PWV, and central systolic blood pressure than insulin, despite a similar glycosylated hemoglobin reduction (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-3232680611
12HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, the combination of liraglutide and empagliflozin reduced central systolic blood pressure more than insulin after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide plus empagliflozin lowered central blood pressure more than insulin after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseCentral systolic blood pressure, liraglutide plus empagliflozin versus insulin
Study
n = 80
Comparator
Insulin
Outcome group
Blood pressure · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and their combination showed a greater reduction of perfused boundary region, PWV, and central systolic blood pressure than insulin, despite a similar glycosylated hemoglobin reduction (P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-3232680613
13HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, the combination of liraglutide and empagliflozin reduced pulse wave velocity more than insulin or liraglutide after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide plus empagliflozin lowered artery stiffness more than insulin or liraglutide alone after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreasePulse wave velocity, liraglutide plus empagliflozin
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Insulin or liraglutide
Outcome group
Vascular function · Cardiovascular
Measurements
PWV decrease
13%
liraglutide plus empagliflozin
Source sentences
Summary
SGLT-2i or GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i showed a greater decrease of PWV (10.1% and 13%) and central and brachial systolic blood pressure than insulin or GLP-1RA (PWV, 3.6% and 8.6%) (P<0.05 for all comparisons).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-3232680612
14HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes, the combination of liraglutide and empagliflozin gave a greater increase of global work index than insulin or empagliflozin after 12 months.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes, liraglutide plus empagliflozin raised heart work efficiency more than insulin or empagliflozin did after 12 months.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseGlobal work index, liraglutide plus empagliflozin
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Insulin or empagliflozin
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Measurements
Global work index increase
17.4%
liraglutide plus empagliflozin
Source sentences
Summary
GLP-1RA or GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i provided a greater increase of global work index (12.7% and 17.4%) compared with insulin or SGLT-2i (3.1% and 2%).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-3232680614
15HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
In patients with type 2 diabetes and left ventricular ejection fraction below 55%, the combination of liraglutide and empagliflozin showed the greatest effect on the measured vascular and cardiac markers.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes and reduced heart pumping, liraglutide plus empagliflozin had the greatest effect on the measured markers.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
MixedMarkers in patients with LVEF below 55%, dual therapy
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Heart function · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
The dual therapy showed the greatest effect on measured markers in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction P<0.05).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Methods and Results A total of 160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to insulin (n=40), liraglutide (n=40), empagliflozin (n=40), or their combination (GLP-1RA+SGLT-2i) (n=40) as add-on to metformin.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-3232680615

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 ongoing · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

RecruitingPhase not statedNCT03878706

The Cardiovascular Effect of GLP-1 Agonist, SGLT2 Inhibitor and Their Combination

University of Athensn = 2403 Nov 2017 to est. 30 Jun 2027

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 13 Mar 2026

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:05 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.

Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors, and Their Combination on Endothelial Glycocalyx, Arterial Function, and Myocardial Work Index in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After 12-Month Treatment.

Summary

Results from this study15

Studies that did not test the peptide alone5

Registered trials1

The Cardiovascular Effect of GLP-1 Agonist, SGLT2 Inhibitor and Their Combination

Version history

Subjects

Publication types

MeSH terms

Keywords