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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2026

5 results

Engineered Mitochondria-Targeted Biomimetic Hybrid Nanovesicles Ameliorate Rheumatoid Arthritis via Regulating Macrophage Autophagy and cGAS-STING Signaling.

Lu L, Su Y, Zheng L, Fan Z, Liu H, Chu Y, Han Q, Cao X, Ge C, Wang X

ACS applied materials & interfaces8 Sept 2026

PMID42709510 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1021/acsami.6c13918 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-42709510
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study5

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone5

In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).

  1. 01LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    The SS31-CB@MM-FNVs/CLT nanovesicles (SS‑31, celastrol, bilirubin) scavenged reactive oxygen species.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, nanovesicles carrying SS‑31 with celastrol and bilirubin cleared reactive oxygen species.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreaseROS scavenging
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    macrophages / RA models
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Musculoskeletal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    scavenging ROS, inhibiting the STING pathway

    In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).

  2. 02LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    The SS31-CB@MM-FNVs/CLT nanovesicles inhibited the STING pathway.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, nanovesicles carrying SS‑31 with celastrol and bilirubin lowered STING pathway activity.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    DecreaseSTING pathway activity
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    macrophages / RA models
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Musculoskeletal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    inhibiting the STING pathway, and enhancing autophagy, thereby regulating macrophage polarization.

    In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).

  3. 03LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    The SS31-CB@MM-FNVs/CLT nanovesicles enhanced autophagy.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, nanovesicles carrying SS‑31 with celastrol and bilirubin increased autophagy in cells.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    IncreaseAutophagy
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    macrophages / RA models
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Musculoskeletal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    enhancing autophagy, thereby regulating macrophage polarization.

    In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).

  4. 04LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    The nanovesicles repolarized macrophages from the M1 to the M2 subtype.

    In plain wordsIn lab tests, nanovesicles carrying SS‑31 with celastrol and bilirubin shifted macrophages from the M1 to the M2 type.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    MixedMacrophage M1 to M2 repolarization
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    macrophages / RA models
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    repolarizes macrophages from the M1 to M2 subtypes through the synergistic effects of bilirubin, celastrol, and the nanoplatform.

    In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).

  5. 05LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome

    The SS31-CB@MM-FNVs/CLT nanovesicles showed therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo in models of rheumatoid arthritis; no measure is given.

    In plain wordsIn lab and animal tests, nanovesicles carrying SS‑31 with celastrol and bilirubin were reported to work against rheumatoid arthritis; no numbers are given.

    Peptide
    Elamipretide (SS-31)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedTherapeutic efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    macrophages / RA models
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    exhibits therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo by scavenging ROS, inhibiting the STING pathway, and enhancing autophagy, thereby regulating macrophage polarization.

    In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    10 Oct 2026, 08:19 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:47 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

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