Oral Colon- and Mitochondria-Targeted Nanoparticles Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis by Reeducating Macrophage Polarization via SIRT3/FOXO3a-Mediated Mitochondrial Restoration.

Mei R, Zhang R, Li Z, Luo J, Zhang X, Zhang T, Lv G, Zhang J, Liang B, Yan Y

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology24 Aug 2026

PMID42638278DOI10.1111/jgh.70668PepBankPUB-42638278

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study13

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone13

In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).

01AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Pharmacokinetics
In mice with DSS-induced colitis, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns accumulated in inflamed colons.
In plain wordsIn mice with colitis, the swallowed nanoparticles collected in the inflamed colon.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseAccumulation in inflamed colon
Study
mousen: not reported in source
DSS-induced colitis
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns accumulated in inflamed colons, reduced disease severity, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, elevated IL-10, restored tight-junction proteins, and increased M2 macrophages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Efficacy and mechanisms were evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827808
02AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with DSS-induced colitis, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns reduced disease severity.
In plain wordsIn mice with colitis, the swallowed nanoparticles reduced how severe the disease was.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseDisease severity
Study
mousen: not reported in source
DSS-induced colitis
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns accumulated in inflamed colons, reduced disease severity, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, elevated IL-10, restored tight-junction proteins, and increased M2 macrophages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Efficacy and mechanisms were evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827809
03AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with DSS-induced colitis, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines.
In plain wordsIn mice with colitis, the swallowed nanoparticles lowered inflammatory signal proteins.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreasePro-inflammatory cytokines
Study
mousen: not reported in source
DSS-induced colitis
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns accumulated in inflamed colons, reduced disease severity, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, elevated IL-10, restored tight-junction proteins, and increased M2 macrophages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Efficacy and mechanisms were evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827810
04AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with DSS-induced colitis, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns elevated IL-10.
In plain wordsIn mice with colitis, the swallowed nanoparticles raised IL-10, an anti-inflammatory protein.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseIL-10
Study
mousen: not reported in source
DSS-induced colitis
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns accumulated in inflamed colons, reduced disease severity, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, elevated IL-10, restored tight-junction proteins, and increased M2 macrophages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Efficacy and mechanisms were evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827811
05AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with DSS-induced colitis, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns restored tight-junction proteins.
In plain wordsIn mice with colitis, the swallowed nanoparticles restored proteins that seal the gut wall.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseTight-junction proteins
Study
mousen: not reported in source
DSS-induced colitis
Outcome group
Gastrointestinal protection · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns accumulated in inflamed colons, reduced disease severity, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, elevated IL-10, restored tight-junction proteins, and increased M2 macrophages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Efficacy and mechanisms were evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827812
06AnimalNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with DSS-induced colitis, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns increased M2 macrophages.
In plain wordsIn mice with colitis, the swallowed nanoparticles increased anti-inflammatory macrophages.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseM2 macrophages
Study
mousen: not reported in source
DSS-induced colitis
Outcome group
Immune response · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
In vivo, oral KSF@SS31@S100Ns accumulated in inflamed colons, reduced disease severity, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, elevated IL-10, restored tight-junction proteins, and increased M2 macrophages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Efficacy and mechanisms were evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827813
07LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In macrophages, SS‑31 on the kaempferol nanoparticles enhanced macrophage uptake and mitochondrial localization.
In plain wordsIn cells, the SS‑31 on the nanoparticles helped macrophages take them up and bring them to mitochondria.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseMacrophage uptake and mitochondrial localization
Study
n: not reported in source
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
SS-31 enhanced macrophage uptake and mitochondrial localization.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Mitochondrial function, macrophage polarization, and SIRT3/FOXO3a signaling were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827802
08LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, KSF@SS31Ns restored mitochondrial membrane potential.
In plain wordsIn cells, the nanoparticles restored mitochondrial membrane potential.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseMitochondrial membrane potential
Study
n: not reported in source
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro, KSF@SS31Ns restored mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP, reduced ROS, promoted mitophagy, and shifted macrophages toward the M2 phenotype via SIRT3/FOXO3a activation.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Mitochondrial function, macrophage polarization, and SIRT3/FOXO3a signaling were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827803
09LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, KSF@SS31Ns restored ATP.
In plain wordsIn cells, the nanoparticles restored energy (ATP) levels.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseATP level
Study
n: not reported in source
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro, KSF@SS31Ns restored mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP, reduced ROS, promoted mitophagy, and shifted macrophages toward the M2 phenotype via SIRT3/FOXO3a activation.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Mitochondrial function, macrophage polarization, and SIRT3/FOXO3a signaling were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827804
10LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, KSF@SS31Ns reduced ROS.
In plain wordsIn cells, the nanoparticles reduced harmful oxygen molecules.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
DecreaseROS
Study
n: not reported in source
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro, KSF@SS31Ns restored mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP, reduced ROS, promoted mitophagy, and shifted macrophages toward the M2 phenotype via SIRT3/FOXO3a activation.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Mitochondrial function, macrophage polarization, and SIRT3/FOXO3a signaling were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827805
11LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, KSF@SS31Ns promoted mitophagy.
In plain wordsIn cells, the nanoparticles promoted the clearing of damaged mitochondria.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseMitophagy
Study
n: not reported in source
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells
Outcome group
Mitochondrial function · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro, KSF@SS31Ns restored mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP, reduced ROS, promoted mitophagy, and shifted macrophages toward the M2 phenotype via SIRT3/FOXO3a activation.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Mitochondrial function, macrophage polarization, and SIRT3/FOXO3a signaling were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827806
12LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, KSF@SS31Ns shifted macrophages toward the M2 phenotype via SIRT3/FOXO3a activation.
In plain wordsIn cells, the nanoparticles shifted macrophages to an anti-inflammatory type through SIRT3 and FOXO3a signals.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
IncreaseM2 macrophage polarization via SIRT3/FOXO3a
Study
n: not reported in source
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro, KSF@SS31Ns restored mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP, reduced ROS, promoted mitophagy, and shifted macrophages toward the M2 phenotype via SIRT3/FOXO3a activation.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Mitochondrial function, macrophage polarization, and SIRT3/FOXO3a signaling were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827807
13LabNot a test of Elamipretide (SS-31) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
The KSF@SS31@S100Ns nanoparticles showed uniform size, high stability and pH-dependent release.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, the nanoparticles had an even size, stayed stable and released their load depending on pH.
Peptide
Elamipretide (SS-31)
Outcome
Not applicableNanoparticle size, stability and release
Study
n: not reported in source
nanoparticles
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Measurements
Particle size
≈ 307 nm
Source sentences
Summary
Nanoparticles showed uniform size (~307 nm), high stability, and pH-dependent release.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Kaempferol-loaded silk fibroin (SF) nanoparticles were conjugated with SS-31 peptide and coated with pH-sensitive Eudragit S100.
In this study, Elamipretide (SS-31) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Elamipretide (SS-31).
Report a problemFND-4263827801

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
10 Oct 2026, 08:19 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 02:47 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

Journal Article

MeSH terms

PepBank is a research reference. Talk to a doctor before you use any peptide.