Thymosin β4 Mitigates Acute Cerebral Infarction Via Inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway and Suppression of Neuronal Pyroptosis.

Zhang Z, Huang Y, Huang S, Zhou H

Applied biochemistry and biotechnology13 Aug 2026

PMID42593616DOI10.1007/s12010-026-05867-8PepBankPUB-42593616

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study14

14 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion, Tβ4 significantly reduced infarct volume.
In plain wordsIn rats with a model of stroke, Tβ4 reduced the size of the brain damage.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseInfarct volume
Study
ratn: not reported in source
MCAO
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Tβ4 significantly reduced infarct volume
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361607
02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion, Tβ4 improved neurological function scores.
In plain wordsIn rats with a model of stroke, Tβ4 improved nerve function scores.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseNeurological function score
Study
ratn: not reported in source
MCAO
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
improved neurological function scores
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361608
03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion, Tβ4 decreased cerebral edema severity.
In plain wordsIn rats with a model of stroke, Tβ4 lowered brain swelling.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseCerebral edema severity
Study
ratn: not reported in source
MCAO
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
decreased cerebral edema severity
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361609
04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion, Tβ4 suppressed expression of pyroptosis-related proteins in brain tissue.
In plain wordsIn rats with a model of stroke, Tβ4 lowered proteins that drive inflammatory cell death in the brain.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreasePyroptosis-related protein expression in brain tissue
Study
ratn: not reported in source
MCAO
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
suppressed the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins and inflammatory cytokines in brain tissue
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361610
05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion, Tβ4 suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines in brain tissue.
In plain wordsIn rats with a model of stroke, Tβ4 lowered inflammatory signals in the brain.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseInflammatory cytokines in brain tissue
Study
ratn: not reported in source
MCAO
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
suppressed the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins and inflammatory cytokines in brain tissue
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361611
06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion, Tβ4 inhibited activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway induced by cerebral ischemia.
In plain wordsIn rats with a model of stroke, Tβ4 blocked activation of the TLR4/NF-κB inflammation pathway.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseTLR4/NF-κB pathway activation in vivo
Study
ratn: not reported in source
MCAO
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Mechanistically, Tβ4 inhibited the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway induced by OGD/R or cerebral ischemia both in vitro and in vivo
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361613
07LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome
In HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, Tβ4 significantly increased cell survival.
In plain wordsIn mouse nerve cells in the lab, Tβ4 raised cell survival after oxygen and glucose deprivation.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseHT22 cell survival after OGD/R
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HT22 hippocampal neurons, OGD/R
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
increased HT22 cell survival after OGD/R treatment
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361601
08LabIn vitro (cells)Efficacy outcome
In HT22 neurons after OGD/R, Tβ4 reduced lactate dehydrogenase release.
In plain wordsIn mouse nerve cells in the lab, Tβ4 lowered a marker of cell damage after oxygen and glucose deprivation.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseLDH release
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HT22 hippocampal neurons, OGD/R
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361602
09LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In HT22 neurons after OGD/R, Tβ4 suppressed expression of pyroptosis-related proteins including NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1 and GSDMD-N.
In plain wordsIn mouse nerve cells in the lab, Tβ4 lowered proteins that drive a form of inflammatory cell death.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreasePyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD-N)
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HT22 hippocampal neurons, OGD/R
Outcome group
Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
suppressed expression of pyroptosis-related proteins including NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, and GSDMD-N
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361603
10LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In HT22 neurons after OGD/R, Tβ4 decreased IL-18 levels.
In plain wordsIn mouse nerve cells in the lab, Tβ4 lowered IL-18, an inflammatory signal.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-18 level
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HT22 hippocampal neurons, OGD/R
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-18
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361604
11LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In HT22 neurons after OGD/R, Tβ4 decreased IL-1β levels.
In plain wordsIn mouse nerve cells in the lab, Tβ4 lowered IL-1β, an inflammatory signal.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-1β level
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HT22 hippocampal neurons, OGD/R
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-18, IL-1β, and TNF-α
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361605
12LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In HT22 neurons after OGD/R, Tβ4 decreased TNF-α levels.
In plain wordsIn mouse nerve cells in the lab, Tβ4 lowered TNF-α, an inflammatory signal.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseTNF-α level
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HT22 hippocampal neurons, OGD/R
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-18, IL-1β, and TNF-α
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361606
13LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In HT22 neurons after OGD/R, Tβ4 inhibited activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, including p65 nuclear translocation.
In plain wordsIn mouse nerve cells in the lab, Tβ4 blocked activation of the TLR4/NF-κB inflammation pathway.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
DecreaseTLR4/NF-κB pathway activation in vitro
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HT22 hippocampal neurons, OGD/R
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Mechanistically, Tβ4 inhibited the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway induced by OGD/R or cerebral ischemia both in vitro
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
including suppression of p65 nuclear translocation as confirmed by immunofluorescence staining
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361612
14LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In gain- and loss-of-function experiments, the anti-pyroptotic effects of Tβ4 were mediated at least partially through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
In plain wordsIn lab experiments, Tβ4 protected nerve cells from inflammatory cell death at least partly by blocking the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableTLR4/NF-κB dependence of anti-pyroptotic effect
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HT22 hippocampal neurons, OGD/R
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Further gain- and loss-of-function experiments confirmed that Tβ4's anti-pyroptotic effects are mediated, at least partially, through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
By establishing an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rat brains, the effects of Tβ4 on neuronal pyroptosis and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway were systematically evaluated.
Report a problemFND-4259361614

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

Journal Article

Keywords

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