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Study · In vitro (cells) · rat · 2026

2 results

Carnosine-Related Metabolism in Rat Cardiomyocytes and Human Heart Tissue.

Creighton JV, de Souza Gonçalves L, Gil S, Vargas BS, Jensen L, de Medeiros MHG, Roschel H, Turner MD, Doig CL, Artioli GG, Sale C

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology1 Jul 2026

PMID42455463 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC13371992 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1096/fj.202504676r (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-42455463
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Summary

The therapeutic potential of carnosine in healthy and diseased heart models is promising; however, the understanding of carnosine and β-alanine metabolism in cardiac tissue is lacking. Exploring how these compounds are metabolized in cardiac tissue is critical to determine their viability for in vivo supplementation studies. Two independent studies were conducted. Study 1 investigated the uptake of exogenous carnosine and β-alanine in cardiomyocytes and the influence of this on the expression of carnosine- and β-alanine-related enzyme and transporter genes. Study 2 investigated whether human cardiac tissue expresses carnosine and β-alanine metabolism proteins and the endogenous concentrations of carnosine and β-alanine. In Study 1, differentiated H9c2 cells were treated with 0.1-10.0 mM of carnosine or β-alanine for 4, 24 and 72 h. Gene expression was measured at 4 h using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and amino acid and histidine-containing dipeptides (HCD) concentrations were analyzed at all-time points using an amino acid analyzer. In Study 2, post-mortem human heart ventricle samples (n = 16) were analyzed for carnosine and β-alanine using HPLC-ESI+-MS/MS, and metabolism-related proteins using western blots. H9c2 cardiomyocytes expressed genes related to carnosine and β-alanine metabolism, except for the β-alanine transaminase, AGXT2. Carnosine supplementation did not affect gene expression, whereas β-alanine decreased transporter TAUT and PHT1 expression. Both exogenously supplied carnosine and β-alanine were taken up and accumulated in cardiomyocytes. Carnosine- and β-alanine-related enzymes and transporters are present in human heart ventricles. In conclusion, cardiomyocytes and the human heart express enzymes and transporters required to uptake β-alanine and synthesize carnosine.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study2

2 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In H9c2 cardiomyocytes, carnosine supplementation did not affect gene expression.

    In plain wordsIn cells, carnosine supplementation did not affect gene expression.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    No significant changeMetabolism-related gene expression
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Differentiated H9c2 cardiomyocytes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    0.1-10.0 mM · 4 hAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Carnosine supplementation did not affect gene expression
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Gene expression was measured at 4 h using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and amino acid and histidine-containing dipeptides (HCD) concentrations were analyzed at all-time points using an amino acid analyzer.
    Summary · context
    In Study 1, differentiated H9c2 cells were treated with 0.1-10.0 mM of carnosine or β-alanine for 4, 24 and 72 h.
  2. 02LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism

    In H9c2 cardiomyocytes, exogenously supplied carnosine was taken up and accumulated.

    In plain wordsIn cells, supplied carnosine entered and accumulated in cardiomyocytes.

    Peptide
    L-carnosine
    Outcome
    IncreaseCarnosine uptake and accumulation
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Differentiated H9c2 cardiomyocytes
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Cardiovascular
    Studied dose
    0.1-10.0 mM · 4, 24 and 72 hAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Both exogenously supplied carnosine and β-alanine were taken up and accumulated in cardiomyocytes.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    In Study 1, differentiated H9c2 cells were treated with 0.1-10.0 mM of carnosine or β-alanine for 4, 24 and 72 h.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    27 Oct 2026, 18:20 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    27 Oct 2026, 16:32 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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