Appetite Suppression by GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Role of Delayed Gastric Emptying.

Friedman MI, Harmsen WS, Camilleri M

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2 Jul 2026

PMID42392577PMCIDPMC13422674DOI10.1002/oby.70255PepBankPUB-42392577

Summary

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate relationships between delayed gastric emptying and appetite suppression during treatment with liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA).MethodsWe conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity. We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial. We also compared appetitive measures among liraglutide-treated participants who displayed either normal, persistently delayed, or transiently delayed emptying during treatment.ResultsIn the entire cohorts at baseline and completion, gastric emptying correlated significantly with energy intake and, at baseline, with one parameter of satiation. Gastric emptying accounted for only 4%-6% of the variance in these appetitive measures. No such correlations were found in the placebo- or liraglutide-treated groups alone. There were no differences in appetitive measures among the subgroups that displayed different gastric emptying patterns during liraglutide treatment.ConclusionsDelayed gastric emptying appears to play little direct role in appetite suppression induced by liraglutide. Further research should explore whether delayed emptying or other gastrointestinal effects of other GLP-1RAs affect appetite directly or indirectly.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02647944.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study8

4 results from studies that gave the peptide. 4 results from people.

01HumanObservational studyMechanism
In patients with obesity receiving liraglutide, no significant correlation was found between gastric emptying and energy intake.
In plain wordsIn patients with obesity receiving liraglutide, gastric emptying and energy intake were not significantly correlated.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeGastric emptying and energy-intake correlation within liraglutide group
Study
n: not reported in source
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 16 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
No such correlations were found in the placebo- or liraglutide-treated groups alone.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial.
Summary · context
We conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4239257704
02HumanObservational studyMechanism
Among patients with obesity receiving liraglutide, energy intake did not differ across normal, persistently delayed or transiently delayed gastric-emptying subgroups.
In plain wordsIn patients with obesity receiving liraglutide, energy intake did not differ across normal, persistent-delay or transient-delay gastric-emptying subgroups.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeEnergy intake by gastric emptying pattern
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Gastric emptying pattern
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 16 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences in appetitive measures among the subgroups that displayed different gastric emptying patterns during liraglutide treatment.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We also compared appetitive measures among liraglutide-treated participants who displayed either normal, persistently delayed, or transiently delayed emptying during treatment.
Summary · context
We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial.
Summary · context
We conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4239257705
03HumanObservational studyMechanism
In patients with obesity receiving liraglutide, no significant correlation was found between gastric emptying and satiation measures.
In plain wordsIn patients with obesity receiving liraglutide, gastric emptying and satiation measures were not significantly correlated.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeGastric emptying and satiation correlation within liraglutide group
Study
n: not reported in source
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 16 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
No such correlations were found in the placebo- or liraglutide-treated groups alone.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial.
Summary · context
We conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4239257707
04HumanObservational studyMechanism
Among patients with obesity receiving liraglutide, satiation measures did not differ across normal, persistently delayed or transiently delayed gastric-emptying subgroups.
In plain wordsIn patients with obesity receiving liraglutide, satiation measures did not differ across normal, persistent-delay or transient-delay gastric-emptying subgroups.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeSatiation measures by gastric emptying pattern
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Gastric emptying pattern
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Gastrointestinal
Studied dose
Dose not stated · 16 weeksAs given in this study (human).
Source sentences
Summary
There were no differences in appetitive measures among the subgroups that displayed different gastric emptying patterns during liraglutide treatment.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We also compared appetitive measures among liraglutide-treated participants who displayed either normal, persistently delayed, or transiently delayed emptying during treatment.
Summary · context
We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial.
Summary · context
We conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4239257708

Studies that did not test the peptide alone4

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

05HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyMechanism
In the combined placebo and liraglutide cohorts with obesity, gastric emptying correlated with energy intake at baseline and completion.
In plain wordsIn patients with obesity in pooled placebo/liraglutide cohorts, gastric emptying correlated with energy intake at baseline and completion.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedGastric emptying and energy intake correlation
Study
n: not reported in source
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
In the entire cohorts at baseline and completion, gastric emptying correlated significantly with energy intake and, at baseline, with one parameter of satiation.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity.
Summary · context
We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4239257701
06HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyMechanism
In the combined placebo and liraglutide cohorts with obesity, gastric emptying correlated with one satiation parameter at baseline.
In plain wordsIn patients with obesity in pooled placebo/liraglutide cohorts, gastric emptying correlated with one satiation measure at baseline.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Direction not reportedGastric emptying and satiation correlation
Study
n: not reported in source
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Gastrointestinal
Source sentences
Summary
In the entire cohorts at baseline and completion, gastric emptying correlated significantly with energy intake and, at baseline, with one parameter of satiation.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity.
Summary · context
We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4239257702
07HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyMechanism
In patients with obesity in pooled placebo/liraglutide cohorts, gastric emptying explained 4%-6% of energy-intake variance.
In plain wordsIn patients with obesity in pooled placebo/liraglutide cohorts, gastric emptying explained 4%-6% of energy-intake variation.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicableEnergy-intake variance explained by gastric emptying
Study
n: not reported in source
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Gastrointestinal
Measurements
Variance explained
4 to 6%
energy intake; pooled placebo/liraglutide cohorts
Source sentences
Summary
Gastric emptying accounted for only 4%-6% of the variance in these appetitive measures.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the entire cohorts at baseline and completion, gastric emptying correlated significantly with energy intake and, at baseline, with one parameter of satiation.
Summary · context
We conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity.
Summary · context
We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4239257703
08HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneObservational studyMechanism
In patients with obesity in pooled placebo/liraglutide cohorts, gastric emptying explained 4%-6% of satiation-measure variance.
In plain wordsIn patients with obesity in pooled placebo/liraglutide cohorts, gastric emptying explained 4%-6% of satiation-measure variation.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicableVariance in satiation measures explained by gastric emptying
Study
n: not reported in source
Analysis
Secondary
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Gastrointestinal
Measurements
Variance explained
4 to 6%
satiation measures; pooled placebo/liraglutide cohorts
Source sentences
Summary
Gastric emptying accounted for only 4%-6% of the variance in these appetitive measures.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the entire cohorts at baseline and completion, gastric emptying correlated significantly with energy intake and, at baseline, with one parameter of satiation.
Summary · context
We conducted a secondary data analysis from a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled liraglutide trial in patients with obesity.
Summary · context
We examined correlations between solid food gastric emptying and measurements of satiation and energy intake in the entire cohorts at baseline and end of treatment and separately in placebo- and liraglutide-treated patients who completed the trial.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4239257706

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 completed · 1 with posted results · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase 2Results postedNCT02647944

Pilot Study of the Effect of Liraglutide on Weight Loss and Gastric Functions in Obesity

Mayo Clinicn = 4018 Dec 2015 to 30 Dec 2016

Obesity

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 27 Oct 2017

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:04 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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