Comparison of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring Profiles of Four Glucose-Lowering Medications in the GRADE Randomized Trial.

Bergenstal RM, Crandall JP, Rosin SP, Butera NM, Bantle A, Desouza C, Duran-Valdez E, Hall S, Herman WH, Johnson ML, Lagari V, Larkin ME, Phillips LS, Willis HJ, Krause-Steinrauf H

Diabetes care1 Jun 2026Cited by 1 (Europe PMC)

PMID41925680PMCIDPMC13186179DOI10.2337/dc25-3055PepBankPUB-41925680

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

5 results from studies that gave the peptide. 5 results from people.

01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
Among four metformin-treated groups with type 2 diabetes during 2-week CGM, liraglutide and sitagliptin had the highest time in range of 70-180 mg/dL.
In plain wordsWith metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, liraglutide and sitagliptin tied for highest time in range.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseTime in range 70-180 mg/dL
Study
n = 1,080
Comparator
Insulin glargine, glimepiride, or sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
The sitagliptin and liraglutide groups had the highest time in range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR70-180) and the lowest time below range <70 mg/dL (TBR<70) and percentage coefficient of variation (%CV).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study randomly assigned participants with type 2 diabetes and taking metformin to add one of four glucose-lowering medications (insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin) and followed them for glycemic outcomes for 5 ± 1.3 years.
Summary · context
A 2-week masked CGM analysis was conducted midstudy in 1,080 participants to evaluate CGM metrics, 24-h ambulatory glucose profile, and achievement of consensus goals.
Summary · context
Treatment effects among the four groups were compared.
Report a problemFND-4192568001
02HumanRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome
Among four metformin-treated groups with type 2 diabetes during 2-week CGM, liraglutide and sitagliptin had the lowest time below range under 70 mg/dL.
In plain wordsWith metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, liraglutide and sitagliptin tied for lowest time below range.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseTime below range under 70 mg/dL
Study
n = 1,080
Comparator
Insulin glargine, glimepiride, or sitagliptin
Outcome group
Adverse events · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
The sitagliptin and liraglutide groups had the highest time in range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR70-180) and the lowest time below range <70 mg/dL (TBR<70) and percentage coefficient of variation (%CV).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study randomly assigned participants with type 2 diabetes and taking metformin to add one of four glucose-lowering medications (insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin) and followed them for glycemic outcomes for 5 ± 1.3 years.
Summary · context
A 2-week masked CGM analysis was conducted midstudy in 1,080 participants to evaluate CGM metrics, 24-h ambulatory glucose profile, and achievement of consensus goals.
Summary · context
Treatment effects among the four groups were compared.
Report a problemFND-4192568002
03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
Among four metformin-treated groups with type 2 diabetes during 2-week CGM, liraglutide and sitagliptin had the lowest glucose coefficient of variation.
In plain wordsWith metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, liraglutide and sitagliptin tied for lowest glucose variability.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
DecreaseGlucose coefficient of variation
Study
n = 1,080
Comparator
Insulin glargine, glimepiride, or sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
The sitagliptin and liraglutide groups had the highest time in range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR70-180) and the lowest time below range <70 mg/dL (TBR<70) and percentage coefficient of variation (%CV).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study randomly assigned participants with type 2 diabetes and taking metformin to add one of four glucose-lowering medications (insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin) and followed them for glycemic outcomes for 5 ± 1.3 years.
Summary · context
A 2-week masked CGM analysis was conducted midstudy in 1,080 participants to evaluate CGM metrics, 24-h ambulatory glucose profile, and achievement of consensus goals.
Summary · context
Treatment effects among the four groups were compared.
Report a problemFND-4192568003
04HumanRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome
Among four metformin-treated groups with type 2 diabetes during 2-week CGM, liraglutide and sitagliptin best achieved the target of time below range under 54 mg/dL below 1%.
In plain wordsWith metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, liraglutide and sitagliptin best achieved the very-low time-below-range target.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicableAchievement of very low TBR under 54 mg/dL target
Study
n = 1,080
Comparator
Insulin glargine, glimepiride, or sitagliptin
Outcome group
Adverse events · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Sitagliptin and liraglutide were best for achieving consensus goals of very low TBR70% and TBR<70 <4% (P < 0.001).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study randomly assigned participants with type 2 diabetes and taking metformin to add one of four glucose-lowering medications (insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin) and followed them for glycemic outcomes for 5 ± 1.3 years.
Summary · context
A 2-week masked CGM analysis was conducted midstudy in 1,080 participants to evaluate CGM metrics, 24-h ambulatory glucose profile, and achievement of consensus goals.
Summary · context
Treatment effects among the four groups were compared.
Report a problemFND-4192568004
05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
Among four metformin-treated groups with type 2 diabetes during 2-week CGM, liraglutide and sitagliptin best achieved the combined target of time in range 70-180 mg/dL over 70% and time below range under 70 mg/dL below 4%.
In plain wordsWith metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, liraglutide and sitagliptin best achieved the combined CGM target.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
Not applicableAchievement of combined CGM target
Study
n = 1,080
Comparator
Insulin glargine, glimepiride, or sitagliptin
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Sitagliptin and liraglutide were best for achieving consensus goals of very low TBR70% and TBR<70 <4% (P < 0.001).
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study randomly assigned participants with type 2 diabetes and taking metformin to add one of four glucose-lowering medications (insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin) and followed them for glycemic outcomes for 5 ± 1.3 years.
Summary · context
A 2-week masked CGM analysis was conducted midstudy in 1,080 participants to evaluate CGM metrics, 24-h ambulatory glucose profile, and achievement of consensus goals.
Summary · context
Treatment effects among the four groups were compared.
Report a problemFND-4192568005

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Liraglutide.

06HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
Within HbA1c strata in people with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, mean glucose did not differ among four treatments including liraglutide during two-week CGM.
In plain wordsIn people with type 2 diabetes taking metformin, mean glucose did not differ among four treatments within HbA1c strata.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
No significant changeMean glucose by HbA1c stratum
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Other treatment groups
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
When stratified by HbA1c, mean glucose did not differ among treatments, but %CV and TBR<70 were higher with glargine and glimepiride within each HbA1c stratum.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study randomly assigned participants with type 2 diabetes and taking metformin to add one of four glucose-lowering medications (insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin) and followed them for glycemic outcomes for 5 ± 1.3 years.
Summary · context
A 2-week masked CGM analysis was conducted midstudy in 1,080 participants to evaluate CGM metrics, 24-h ambulatory glucose profile, and achievement of consensus goals.
Summary · context
Treatment effects among the four groups were compared.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4192568006
07HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome
Within HbA1c strata in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, glucose coefficient of variation was higher with glargine and glimepiride across four treatments including liraglutide.
In plain wordsWithin HbA1c strata in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, glucose coefficient of variation was higher with glargine and glimepiride than other treatments.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseGlucose coefficient of variation by HbA1c stratum
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Other treatments in the four-arm comparison
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
When stratified by HbA1c, mean glucose did not differ among treatments, but %CV and TBR<70 were higher with glargine and glimepiride within each HbA1c stratum.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study randomly assigned participants with type 2 diabetes and taking metformin to add one of four glucose-lowering medications (insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin) and followed them for glycemic outcomes for 5 ± 1.3 years.
Summary · context
A 2-week masked CGM analysis was conducted midstudy in 1,080 participants to evaluate CGM metrics, 24-h ambulatory glucose profile, and achievement of consensus goals.
Summary · context
Treatment effects among the four groups were compared.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4192568007
08HumanNot a test of Liraglutide aloneRandomized controlled trialSafety outcome
Within HbA1c strata in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, time below 70 mg/dL was higher with glargine and glimepiride across four treatments including liraglutide.
In plain wordsWithin HbA1c strata in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, time below 70 mg/dL was higher with glargine and glimepiride than other treatments.
Peptide
Liraglutide
Outcome
IncreaseTime below 70 mg/dL by HbA1c stratum
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Other treatments in the four-arm comparison
Outcome group
Adverse events · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
When stratified by HbA1c, mean glucose did not differ among treatments, but %CV and TBR<70 were higher with glargine and glimepiride within each HbA1c stratum.
3 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) study randomly assigned participants with type 2 diabetes and taking metformin to add one of four glucose-lowering medications (insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin) and followed them for glycemic outcomes for 5 ± 1.3 years.
Summary · context
A 2-week masked CGM analysis was conducted midstudy in 1,080 participants to evaluate CGM metrics, 24-h ambulatory glucose profile, and achievement of consensus goals.
Summary · context
Treatment effects among the four groups were compared.
In this study, Liraglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Liraglutide.
Report a problemFND-4192568008

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
12 Oct 2026, 11:11 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:04 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

MeSH terms

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