Safety of GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists in Preconception, Pregnancy, and Lactation: A Systematic Review of Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Outcomes.

Ozbek L, Shah E, Al-Shiab R, Inal A, Guldan M, Afsar B, Covic A, Kanbay M

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism26 Mar 2026Cited by 3 (Europe PMC)

PMID41885132DOI10.1111/dom.70699PepBankPUB-41885132

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study6

1 result from studies that gave the peptide. 1 result from people.

01HumanSystematic reviewPharmacokinetics
In one pharmacokinetic study in lactating women included in the review, no semaglutide was detectable in human milk.
In plain wordsIn one study of breastfeeding women, no semaglutide was found in breast milk.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeSemaglutide transfer into human milk
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
one pharmacokinetic study reported no detectable semaglutide transfer into human milk.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Human studies reporting exposure to GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists during preconception, pregnancy, or lactation were included.
Report a problemFND-4188513206

Studies that did not test the peptide alone5

In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Semaglutide.

02HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to pooled GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations in adjusted analyses.
In plain wordsIn large studies, GLP-1 drugs as a group used around conception or early in pregnancy were not consistently linked to more major birth defects.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeMajor congenital malformations
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Insulin-treated or disease-matched controls
Outcome group
Adverse events · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
Across large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations in adjusted analyses, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, or neonatal mortality compared with insulin-trea…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Human studies reporting exposure to GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists during preconception, pregnancy, or lactation were included.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-4188513201
03HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to pooled GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of fetal growth restriction.
In plain wordsIn large studies, GLP-1 drugs as a group used around conception or early in pregnancy were not consistently linked to more poor fetal growth.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeFetal growth restriction
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Insulin-treated or disease-matched controls
Outcome group
Adverse events · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
Across large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations in adjusted analyses, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, or neonatal mortality compared with insulin-trea…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Human studies reporting exposure to GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists during preconception, pregnancy, or lactation were included.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-4188513202
04HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to pooled GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of stillbirth.
In plain wordsIn large studies, GLP-1 drugs as a group used around conception or early in pregnancy were not consistently linked to more stillbirth.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeStillbirth
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Insulin-treated or disease-matched controls
Outcome group
Mortality · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
Across large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations in adjusted analyses, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, or neonatal mortality compared with insulin-trea…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Human studies reporting exposure to GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists during preconception, pregnancy, or lactation were included.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-4188513203
05HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to pooled GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of neonatal mortality.
In plain wordsIn large studies, GLP-1 drugs as a group used around conception or early in pregnancy were not consistently linked to more newborn deaths.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeNeonatal mortality
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Insulin-treated or disease-matched controls
Outcome group
Mortality · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
Across large observational cohorts, periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to GLP-1-based therapies was not consistently associated with increased risk of major congenital malformations in adjusted analyses, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, or neonatal mortality compared with insulin-trea…
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Human studies reporting exposure to GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists during preconception, pregnancy, or lactation were included.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-4188513204
06HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneSystematic reviewSafety outcome
In pregnancy studies of pooled GLP-1-based therapies, maternal outcomes were heterogeneous, without a reproducible safety signal.
In plain wordsIn pregnancy studies of GLP-1 drugs as a group, maternal outcomes varied between studies and showed no repeatable safety warning.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
MixedMaternal outcomes (gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, gestational weight gain)
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Adverse events · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
Maternal outcomes, including gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, and gestational weight gain, were heterogeneous without a reproducible safety signal.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
periconceptional or early-pregnancy exposure to GLP-1-based therapies
Summary · context
Human studies reporting exposure to GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists during preconception, pregnancy, or lactation were included.
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Report a problemFND-4188513205

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
11 Oct 2026, 00:04 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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