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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2026

10 results

Tracheocutaneous Fistula Resolved by Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Through the NO-System-Triple NO-Agent Approach in Rats.

Madzarac G, Becejac T, Penovic T, Drazenovic D, Kralj L, Popović Dolic M, Sikiric S, Beketic Oreskovic L, Oreskovic I, Strbe S, Tubikanec AM, Penavic M and 11 more

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Vranes H, Krezic I, Kordic M, Koprivanac A, Vidovic T, Vlainic J, Stancic Rokotov D, Boban Blagaic A, Seiwerth S, Skrtic A, Sikiric P

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)14 Jan 2026Cited by 1 (Europe PMC)

PMID41599743 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC12844668 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.3390/ph19010145 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-41599743
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Summary

Background/Objectives: This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations. Therefore, we focused on fistulas' severe course, tracheocutaneous fistula → air leak → compensatory diaphragmatic/abdominal "heaving", NO-system failed relations, and therapy resolution. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 was proposed. Methods: Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally). Results: Tracheocutaneous fistulas occurred as specific and NO-system-related as follows: NO system: blockade (L-NAME-aggravation) over-activity (L-arginine-amelioration) or immobilization (L-NAME+L-arginine oppose each other's effects). Controls presented severe clinical signs of respiratory distress, failed healing, skin and tracheal defects, a not-healed and open, macro/microscopically, and fistulous tract that was well-formed and wide, tracheal shrinking below the fistula, and clinically, open-mouth breathing, "heaving abdomen", cyanosis (bluish snout, ears, extremities), abundant secretion through the fistula, and weight loss. Fistula tissue NO level decreased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased. The BPC 157 therapy (both application routes) resulted in rapid recovery. Healing of defects (skin and trachea) and fistula closure, macro/microscopically, corresponded with clinical findings, avoiding observable clinical signs of dyspnea, reducing weight loss, and avoiding any sign of "heaving abdomen". BPC 157-treated rats displayed regular breathing movements without observable signs of respiratory distress. Finally, when combined, BPC 157 therapy upgrades L-arginine amelioration, abolishes L-NAME-induced worsening, and restores full healing after NO immobilization (L-NAME+L-arginine). BPC 157 counteracted increase in NO level and counteracted increase in MDA level. Conclusions: Thus, first, acting systemically, BPC 157 reverses tracheocutaneous fistula course in rats. It acts through the NO system.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study10

10 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 therapy (both routes) led to healing of skin and tracheal defects and fistula closure.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157 helped skin and windpipe defects heal and the fistula close compared with untreated rats.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    IncreaseFistula closure and healing of skin and trachea defects
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    Untreated fistula controls
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Healing of defects (skin and trachea) and fistula closure
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    The BPC 157 therapy (both application routes) resulted in rapid recovery.
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 therapy avoided observable clinical signs of dyspnea.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157 avoided signs of breathing trouble compared with untreated rats.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseSigns of dyspnea
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    Untreated fistula controls
    Outcome group
    Respiratory function · Respiratory
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    avoiding observable clinical signs of dyspnea, reducing weight loss, and avoiding any sign of "heaving abdomen".
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 therapy reduced weight loss.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157 reduced weight loss compared with untreated rats.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseWeight loss
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    Untreated fistula controls
    Outcome group
    Body weight · Whole body
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    reducing weight loss
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 therapy avoided any sign of heaving abdomen.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157 avoided the heaving belly movement seen in breathing distress.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseAbdominal heaving
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    Untreated fistula controls
    Outcome group
    Respiratory function · Respiratory
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    avoiding any sign of "heaving abdomen".
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157-treated rats showed regular breathing movements without observable signs of respiratory distress.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157-treated rats breathed normally with no visible distress.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseRespiratory distress and breathing movements
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    Untreated fistula controls
    Outcome group
    Respiratory function · Respiratory
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    BPC 157-treated rats displayed regular breathing movements without observable signs of respiratory distress.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 combined with L-arginine upgraded the amelioration seen with L-arginine.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, adding BPC‑157 to L-arginine improved recovery more than L-arginine alone.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    IncreaseAmelioration with L-arginine
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    L-arginine alone
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    when combined, BPC 157 therapy upgrades L-arginine amelioration, abolishes L-NAME-induced worsening, and restores full healing after NO immobilization (L-NAME+L-arginine).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  7. 07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 abolished the worsening induced by L-NAME.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157 removed the extra harm caused by L-NAME.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseL-NAME-induced worsening
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    L-NAME alone
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    abolishes L-NAME-induced worsening, and restores full healing after NO immobilization (L-NAME+L-arginine).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  8. 08AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 restored full healing after NO immobilization with L-NAME plus L-arginine.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157 restored full healing when nitric oxide was held in balance by two drugs.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    IncreaseHealing after NO immobilization (L-NAME + L-arginine)
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    L-NAME + L-arginine alone
    Outcome group
    Wound healing · Skin and wound
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    restores full healing after NO immobilization (L-NAME+L-arginine).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  9. 09AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 counteracted the change in fistula tissue nitric oxide (NO) level; the abstract wording on direction is inconsistent.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157 countered a change in nitric oxide in the fistula tissue.

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    MixedFistula tissue NO level
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    Untreated fistula controls
    Outcome group
    Oxidative stress · Respiratory
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    BPC 157 counteracted increase in NO level
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Fistula tissue NO level decreased
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).
  10. 10AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In rats with tracheocutaneous fistula, BPC‑157 counteracted the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level.

    In plain wordsIn rats with a neck fistula, BPC‑157 countered the rise in a marker of oxidative damage (MDA).

    Peptide
    BPC-157
    Outcome
    DecreaseFistula tissue MDA
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rats with tracheocutaneous fistula
    Comparator
    Untreated fistula controls
    Outcome group
    Oxidative stress · Respiratory
    Studied dose
    10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg · drinking water or intraperitoneal · 7 daysAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    and counteracted increase in MDA level.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    This 7-day rat tracheocutaneous fistula study considered the not-studied issues of tracheocutaneous fistula course, wound healing, and fistula in the NO-system relations.
    Summary · context
    Tracheocutaneous fistula rats received daily medication (/kg), alone or combined, BPC 157 therapy (10 µg, 10 ng, in drinking water or intraperitoneally) along with a triple NO-agent approach (L-NAME 5 mg, L-arginine 100 mg, and L-NAME+L-arginine, intraperitoneally).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    10 Oct 2026, 08:19 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:56 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

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