Low-Temperature Fabrication of Thymosin β4-Loaded Soluble Microneedles to Promote Wound Healing by Specific Binding to Downregulated Immune Regulators Vsig4 and IL22rɑ2.

He S, Yuan M, Feng C, Zhang Y, Che J

Advanced healthcare materials30 Dec 2025Cited by 1 (Europe PMC)

PMID41467542PMCIDPMC13015770DOI10.1002/adhm.202504878PepBankPUB-41467542

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC-ND. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study6

2 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01LabIn vitro (cell-free)Activity measurement
In surface plasmon resonance experiments, Tβ4 bound the immune regulator Vsig4 with a KD of 3.56 × 10^-6 m.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, thymosin β4 bound to the immune protein Vsig4.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableTβ4 binding to Vsig4 (SPR)
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Skin and wound
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
KD
3.56 ×10^-6 m
Vsig4
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro qPCR, western blot, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments demonstrate that Tβ4 specifically binds to the downregulated immune regulators Vsig4 (K_D = 3.56 × 10^-6 m)
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study introduces a novel fabrication method for Tβ4-loaded soluble MNs at low temperatures using chitosan and sucrose, avoiding the denaturing conditions of traditional MN production.
Report a problemFND-4146754205
02LabIn vitro (cell-free)Activity measurement
In surface plasmon resonance experiments, Tβ4 bound the immune regulator IL22rɑ2 with a KD of 9.69 × 10^-6 m.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, thymosin β4 bound to the immune protein IL22rɑ2.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableTβ4 binding to IL22rɑ2 (SPR)
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Skin and wound
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Measurements
KD
9.69 ×10^-6 m
IL22rɑ2
Source sentences
Summary
In vitro qPCR, western blot, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments demonstrate that Tβ4 specifically binds to the downregulated immune regulators Vsig4 (K_D = 3.56 × 10^-6 m) and IL22rɑ2 (K_D = 9.69 × 10^-6 m)
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study introduces a novel fabrication method for Tβ4-loaded soluble MNs at low temperatures using chitosan and sucrose, avoiding the denaturing conditions of traditional MN production.
Report a problemFND-4146754206

Studies that did not test the peptide alone4

In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).

03AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with skin wounds, Tβ4-loaded soluble microneedles significantly enhanced wound healing.
In plain wordsIn mice with skin wounds, microneedle patches that dissolve and release Tβ4 sped up wound healing.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
IncreaseWound healing with Tβ4 microneedles
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Skin wound
Outcome group
Wound healing · Skin and wound
Source sentences
Summary
significantly enhanced wound healing in mice.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study introduces a novel fabrication method for Tβ4-loaded soluble MNs at low temperatures using chitosan and sucrose, avoiding the denaturing conditions of traditional MN production.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4146754203
04AnimalNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
RNA-seq and differential expression analysis identified Spp1, Vsig4 and IL22rɑ2 as downregulated immune regulators in the mechanism by which Tβ4 accelerates wound healing.
In plain wordsIn wounds healed with Tβ4-releasing microneedles, gene analysis found three immune genes, Spp1, Vsig4 and IL22rα2, were turned down.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Direction not reportedImmune regulators identified by RNA-seq
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Skin and wound
Source sentences
Summary
This study examines the mechanism by which Tβ4 accelerates wound healing, identifying the downregulated immune regulators Spp1, Vsig4, and IL22rɑ2 through RNA-seq and DEG analysis.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study introduces a novel fabrication method for Tβ4-loaded soluble MNs at low temperatures using chitosan and sucrose, avoiding the denaturing conditions of traditional MN production.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4146754204
05LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneOther designOther
A low-temperature chitosan and sucrose soluble microneedle patch held 248.15 ± 1.37 µg of thymosin β4 per patch.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, a new microneedle patch held 248.15 µg of thymosin β4 per patch.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableTβ4 drug capacity of microneedle patch
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Measurements
Drug capacity
248.15 µg/patch
Tβ4-loaded soluble microneedles
Source sentences
Summary
These MNs exhibit a uniform shape, high drug capacity (248.15 ± 1.37 µg/patch)
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study introduces a novel fabrication method for Tβ4-loaded soluble MNs at low temperatures using chitosan and sucrose, avoiding the denaturing conditions of traditional MN production.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4146754201
06LabNot a test of Thymosin beta-4 (human) aloneOther designOther
The Tβ4-loaded soluble microneedles dissolved quickly, within an hour.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, the thymosin β4 microneedle patch dissolved within an hour.
Peptide
Thymosin beta-4 (human)
Outcome
Not applicableDissolution time of microneedle patch
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
quick dissolution within an hour, excellent biocompatibility, and significantly enhanced wound healing in mice.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
This study introduces a novel fabrication method for Tβ4-loaded soluble MNs at low temperatures using chitosan and sucrose, avoiding the denaturing conditions of traditional MN production.
In this study, Thymosin beta-4 (human) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin beta-4 (human).
Report a problemFND-4146754202

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
13 Oct 2026, 01:52 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
12 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

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