Exploring Dietary Intake in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Using GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Ponzo V, Vitale M, Bo S, Broglio F, Goitre I, Cioffi I

Nutrients22 Oct 2025Cited by 1 (Europe PMC)

PMID41228390PMCIDPMC12610383DOI10.3390/nu17213318PepBankPUB-41228390

Summary

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are increasingly used in type 2 diabetes (T2D) management for their glycemic and weight benefits. However, their appetite-suppressing effects may influence dietary intake and nutrient adequacy, yet real-world evidence is scarce. Objective: To evaluate dietary intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in adults with T2D treated with GLP-1RAs compared to those receiving other oral hypoglycemic agents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated via the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). Anthropometric, biochemical, and lifestyle data were collected. Results: Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%). No significant differences in energy intake, macronutrient distribution, or MDS were observed between groups. Overall, diets were characterized by low carbohydrate intake (~44% of energy), inadequate fiber (≈11 g/1000 kcal), and high fat intake (≈39-40% of energy), with saturated fat below 10%. None of the GLP-1RA users met fiber recommendations. Subgroup analysis by treatment duration (2 years) revealed no significant differences in dietary patterns. Conclusions: Patients with T2D, regardless of pharmacological treatment, exhibited poor adherence to dietary guidelines. These findings highlight the need for structured nutritional counseling alongside GLP-1RA therapy to optimize metabolic outcomes and prevent nutritional deficiencies.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study10

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone10

In this study, the peptide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking the peptide.

01HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In adults with T2D, pooled GLP-1RA use was not linked to different energy intake versus other oral agents.
In plain wordsPooled GLP-1RA use was not linked to different energy intake versus other oral agents in adults with T2D.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeEnergy intake
Study
n = 103
Comparator
Other oral hypoglycemic agents
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant differences in energy intake, macronutrient distribution, or MDS were observed between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839001
02HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults with T2D, pooled GLP-1RA use was not linked to different energy intake versus other oral agents.
In plain wordsPooled GLP-1RA use was not linked to different energy intake versus other oral agents in adults with T2D.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeEnergy intake
Study
n = 103
Comparator
Other oral hypoglycemic agents
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant differences in energy intake, macronutrient distribution, or MDS were observed between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839002
03HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In adults with T2D, macronutrient distribution did not differ between pooled GLP-1RA users and users of other oral agents.
In plain wordsMacronutrient distribution did not differ between pooled GLP-1RA users and users of other oral agents with T2D.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeMacronutrient distribution
Study
n = 103
Comparator
Other oral hypoglycemic agents
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant differences in energy intake, macronutrient distribution, or MDS were observed between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839003
04HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults with T2D, macronutrient distribution did not differ between pooled GLP-1RA users and users of other oral agents.
In plain wordsMacronutrient distribution did not differ between pooled GLP-1RA users and users of other oral agents with T2D.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeMacronutrient distribution
Study
n = 103
Comparator
Other oral hypoglycemic agents
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant differences in energy intake, macronutrient distribution, or MDS were observed between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839004
05HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In adults with T2D, MDS did not differ between pooled GLP-1RA users and users of other oral agents.
In plain wordsMediterranean diet scores did not differ between pooled GLP-1RA users and users of other oral agents with T2D.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeMediterranean Diet Score
Study
n = 103
Comparator
Other oral hypoglycemic agents
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant differences in energy intake, macronutrient distribution, or MDS were observed between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839005
06HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults with T2D, MDS did not differ between pooled GLP-1RA users and users of other oral agents.
In plain wordsMediterranean diet scores did not differ between pooled GLP-1RA users and users of other oral agents with T2D.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeMediterranean Diet Score
Study
n = 103
Comparator
Other oral hypoglycemic agents
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
No significant differences in energy intake, macronutrient distribution, or MDS were observed between groups.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839006
07HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
Among adults with T2D using pooled GLP-1RAs, none met fiber recommendations.
In plain wordsNone of the adults with T2D using pooled GLP-1RAs met fiber recommendations.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableFiber recommendation attainment
Study
n = 52
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
None of the GLP-1RA users met fiber recommendations.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839007
08HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
Among adults with T2D using pooled GLP-1RAs, none met fiber recommendations.
In plain wordsNone of the adults with T2D using pooled GLP-1RAs met fiber recommendations.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
Not applicableFiber recommendation attainment
Study
n = 52
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
None of the GLP-1RA users met fiber recommendations.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839008
09HumanNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneObservational studyOther
In adults with T2D using pooled GLP-1RAs, dietary patterns did not differ significantly by treatment duration.
In plain wordsDietary patterns did not differ significantly between treatment duration groups in adults with T2D using pooled GLP-1RAs.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeDietary patterns by treatment duration
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Treatment duration subgroups
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Subgroup analysis by treatment duration (2 years) revealed no significant differences in dietary patterns.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839009
10HumanNot a test of Semaglutide aloneObservational studyOther
In adults with T2D using pooled GLP-1RAs, dietary patterns did not differ significantly by treatment duration.
In plain wordsDietary patterns did not differ significantly between treatment duration groups in adults with T2D using pooled GLP-1RAs.
Peptide
Semaglutide
Outcome
No significant changeDietary patterns by treatment duration
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Treatment duration subgroups
Outcome group
Appetite and food intake · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Subgroup analysis by treatment duration (2 years) revealed no significant differences in dietary patterns.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025.
Summary · context
Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%).
In this study, Semaglutide was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Semaglutide.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-4122839010

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 3Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:25 UTC
Study results updated
Version 2
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:06 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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